Constitutional law one in English language most important questions and tips is the topic for discussion today dear student friends today I wish to uh Enlighten you on most important questions and tips from constitutional one from the first semester for threee LLB course and uh might be uh fifth semester for the fiveyear LLB
Course now in this lecture I will let you know in brief about the developments of this subject that is latest amendments Etc and then uh I will uh uh discuss about what are the topics you will have to concentrate in order of priority in first phase six topics
Second phase some four topics third phase four to five topics is what you will have to concentrate so as to make your preparation easier to face the examination successfully this uh subject constitutional law uh was only one paper before the academic year 1999 2000 since 1999 2000 Academic Year this subject
Constitution law has been split into two papers Constitution law one and Constitution law two so as to enable the students to pre to con to study this particular subject elaborately since then you will have two papers on constitutional law first constitution law one and Constitution
Two but the part 1 to 4 a is prescribed for study part 1 to 4 a containing Article 1 to 51 a in addition to introductory topics like uh historical background features of Indian constitution federalism and that is nature of Indian constitution and preamble introductory topics in addition
To that part 1 to 4 a containing Article 1 to 51a have been prescribed for study in first paper whereas for uh five to part 25 uh all the chapters nearly 20 Parts 20 chapters have been prescribed for study in constitutional law two though these four
Parts appear to be these four parts that is five parts including part 4 a he appear to be very limited number of Parts they contain number a number of topics number of topic which are almost all important from examination point of view now you have to concentrate which topics are to
Be prepared first in first phase which topics are to be prepared first in second phase which topics are to be prepared in third phase uh I will let you know before going to take up this uh take up this constitution little historical background this Indian constitution was prepared by Dr BR
Ambedkar the then chairman of the drafting committee uh drafting committee he was popularly he is popularly know he is popularly known as father of the Indian constitution and Chief Architect of Indian constitution he was the he was a one of great social reformer to eradicate untouchability which was serious social
Menance in those days and uh he was appointed as the First Union law minister of our free Independent India so he drafted the Indian constitution uh with along with eight other members taking into uh taking into the sources that is government of India act 1919 followed by government of India act
1935 so most of the provisions in government of India act 1990 reiterated into government of India 1935 in the government of India 1935 and other sources US Constitution UK Switzerland and Germany and other conss also were taken taken as a source and keeping in mind the socio economic conditions and future requirement of
Indian population this constitution of India was drafted was drafted and by Under the favorable aspic of three be Dr BR ambedkar G along with eight other members this this committee submitted the a draft to consent assembly on 26th November 1949 and this constitution came into force on 26th January
1950 with effect from that date we are uh we got in we are uh we start started ruling our country and that is what’s called free Independent India and then BR ambedkar G was appointed as the first law Minister now coming to the point one more important point to be born your
Mind is this Indian constitution was originally handwritten by uh handwritten by an Indian handwritten by an Indian COG grapher PR beari Nar and R this Indian constitution was originally handwritten in italic Style by an Indian Cog grapher cograph craer uh cograph by name Prem beari
Naran R this why he was a cograph means a man who is able to write uh make uh paint uh write very effectively various drawings and sketches is called chog grapher today we are having uh sketch boards by computer Printing and all but earlier all photos and all photos and letter writing
Everyone everyone everything was done by certain artists chog graphers that this PR beari Nayan Raa was the famous Indian Cog grapher and he hand written this Indian he written this he had written this Indian constitution with his own hands by in italic style and he also
Took the help of uh two artists from sanon from West Bengal uh West Bengal India by name two other artists namely uh namely uh nandalal BOS and beer Ram manohar Sinha be and ra two artists from shanton K also helped him to for beautifying this Indian constitution originally written by originally written
By Prem beari Naran ra uh famous Indian choreographer and he the assistant this beautification of Indian constitution was done by some other artists including two arst from sanon gon of West Bengal by name by name uh nandalal BOS and uh B Ram manohar Sinha with this this thereafter the Indian constitution was
Drafted by uh drafted by the drafting committee headed by BR ambedkar G in in association with eight other members this is so by the time Indian constitution was draw came into force on 26th January 1950 our Indian constitution originally contained 395 articles 22 parts and 88 schedules
20 395 articles so there is a there may be slight difference between article and section if you like if you want to know you can verify the Google there will be slight difference but actually this Indian Constitution’s basis is government of India act in government of India act all Provisions were and listed
As sections the word sections was used in in government of India act while article is used in this go this constitution but but Supreme legislation Supreme document the articles are us in international conventions also the word article is used for your information so in this uh at the time of passing of
Indian constitution it contained 395 articles divided into 22 parts or 23 22 chapters uh and eight schedules some enactments that is some legislations enactments courts will have schedules some enactments will not have any schedules crpc has schedules CPC has schedules uh and uh uh some subjects are having schedules some subjects you don’t
Have such schedules for example Indian panel code there is no there are no schedules in Indian panel code the schedules are there in crpc for example the schedule how what are the there is a form there is some tables One schedule contains table what are avilable non bailable offense cognizable non cognizes
What is the perform of complaint what is the perform of sumon what is the perform of charge sheet like that schedules will be there in copyrights act what is the model agreement between author and publisher those models will be there in the schedules so here CPC also some
Schedules are there uh in Indian constitution also by the time Indian constitution came into Force there were eight schedules which uh but these eight schedules were originated from government of India act 1935 in government of India act 1935 there were 10 schedules but while eight schedule have been uh have been uh added
To this Indian constitution by the time so in view of so many Constitutional Amendment acts in view of so many Constitutional Amendment acts the there are so many changes have been made into Indian constitution some articles were deleted and some new articles are added new chapters are added new schedules are
Added and so on in this process today as on 23rd May 28th May 23rd May 19 2023 our Indian Constitution contains 105 articles 23rd May 23rd May 2023 Indian constitution contained 1005 uh uh Indian constitution has 105 Amendment acts so 105 105 Amendment Acts were passed at to bring about so many changes
But however the bill number 1217 27 was uh through Bill through bill number 17 217 bill number 217 that is the Constitution 128 Amendment act so Constitution 128 Amendment act uh proposing uh reservations to women in Lo SAA rajha State legislatur 33% 33% reservation uh bill that is that this
Bill is called Constitution 128 bill so in in Parliament there are there were 216 bills including to GST bills and three uh crpc IPC crpc and evidence bills three criminal law courts were to be amended August 11 2023 the bill bill shaki Bill three bills to replace uh IPC crpc and divident tax
Were presented on August 11 2023 but therea those bills are pending all the 26 bills are pending but 217 bill that is Constitution Indian the Constitution 128th Amendment bill was presented in Lo SAA and rajas Sabha on 19th September 2023 the this woman reservation election bill was passed by
Uh Lo SAA on the next day that is the 20th September while in rajas SAA it was passed on 21st uh September by the rajas SAA and this bill after approval from Lo SAA and rajas saaba the bill went to president of India for further asent and president
Of India gave asent to this woman reservation bill on 28th September 2023 so the Constitution 128 Amendment act which was introduced in September and passed and ascented by the president of India uh and it then it will be it will go to uh State legislatures and other bodies for ratification after ratification is
Cleared from the state legislatur and union territories this bill will be passed into law and to gget notification then it will become Constitution Amendment act 106 so the 128 amend bills are the amendment bills are there but if this bill is ratified by state legislature and passed
Into law it will become the constition 106 Amendment act so then as on today there are 105 Amendment acts to the Indian constitution when though 106 Amendment act also on the way it is already passed by both houses president and went to legislatur for ratification when once this ratification is made by
Respective legislatur it will be uh sent back to Ministry of Home Affairs and we have getet notification and this process will take sometime when the uing loab elections and state legislature the bill may not be ready Amendment act may not be passed and this year the 33 33% reservation may not be possible
To the in uing election from next elections it may be done so this this is the position so as so far as uh 126th 106th amendment is in Act is in process uh in view of constitution 128th Amendment bill so as on today there are 105 105 Amendment acts to the Indian
Constitution in view of this 105 Amendment acts the number of articles in India Constitution Rose to 448 from 395 so as on today at the time of passing of the Constitution the number of Articles were 395 today 448 so the number of parts at the time
Of passing 22 today there are 25 parts or 25 Chapters at the time of constitution came into Force there were eight schedules today the number of schedules Rose to 12 so dear friends in this case some of you neglect about what are the various schedules I also will brief you about
This schedules also so this is the Indian constitution today Indian constitution contain 448 articles divided into 25 chapters in addition to there there are 12 schedules these 12 schedules speak about I tell you brief in 2 minutes schedule one uh contains schedule one uh contains State what are the various
States what are the various union territories their boundaries these aspects are enlisted in schedule one in schedule two the salaries and other perks of uh ministers High Court judges Supreme Court judges Etc are unstrained in this schedule two and schedule three contains the procedure for w and affirmation of uh
Ministers MLS MPS uh the high court Supreme Court judges the both the four procedure swearing in ceron procedure it is there in this third schedule fourth schedule relating to uh relating to allocation of seats so this India how many log sub seats should be there how many Raj seats be there particular State
How many MLA consen would be there like this like this for a legislative assembly how many what is the area of graduate consciences Theses this type of procedure is there in the schedule 4 schedule five contains the administ administration and control of socially and economically scsts and other
Backward classes that is AD some special treatment is given to schedule cash schedule tribe and other vaker sections so this procedure personal privileges position is contained in schedule Five schedule six contains administration of tribal areas administration of tribal areas in uh Assam mam meal Assam nagaland Mam and
Such places and schedule seven contains three three lists Union list State list and concurrent list so what are the subject that are contained in Union list are administered by Union only central government only the subjects understand in state list are to be administered by uh state governments only uh the union
The subjects enlisted in concurrent list can be handled by state governments and central government for example education concurrent list central government education inss are there state government education institutions are there Army Navy Air Force Union list excise State list like that some subjects are uh some subjects are exclusively uh exclusively in central
Government some subjects are exclusively in state government however C subjects are uh commonly in Central and state government so far as the subjects of union territories are concerned they are handled by the union union only they are called union territories to be administered by the government of India now coming to the
Point uh that is seventh list Now eth list uh list number eight contains what are the languages in India how many languages are recognized as official language earlier there were 14 languages today there are 22 languages recognized uh in Indian Indian constitution and even Napal also is one of them Napal
Sanskrit and other languages also have been uh recognized as official languages when we come to schedule 9 schedule 9 is very important it it is a design TR to protect the interest individuals who are deprived of their fundamental rights to approach the high court and supreme court for protection of the fundamental
Rights because the Supreme Court of India is a custodian of the fundamental rights if any by any executive action legislative action the fundamental right of individuals is affected he can approach the high court and Supreme Court and for that to ensure that guarantee this uh schedule 9 was designed but however
This schedule 9 was subject to Amendment and during Mrs Inda Gandhi’s term when she was declared disqualified by alabad Justice the alabad high court headed by the then Justice sinaj who we we in the irregularities and misuse of Power by Mrs Gandhi was visualized and she was declared
Disqualified to continue in the post and was required to vate the office of prime minister within 20 days in order to overshadow the Judgment of alahabad high court she brought about drastic changes in Constitution by bringing about by passing so many Amendment act right from govern Constitution 25 Amendment Act and
The to protect her uh to protect her position from the uh direction of alahabad high court so this is schedule 9 he is having some special important that this uh uh this the certain aspects are beyond the power of the courts beyond the power of judicial review is what the developments brought about
Through Constitution amendment by Mrs indraa Gandhi to get her Exempted from the judgment of alahabad high court then 10th one is schedule 10 is designed to anti-defection bills anti-defection bills this uh the purpose of this this schedule contains as anti-defection laws and any any individual any politician
Who is indulged in corruption and other irregularities is subject to the clutches of law is what this schedule 10 designed to and and schedule 11 speaks about contains 29 matters relating to PCH Administration last schedule 12 deals with 18 matters relating to municipalities administration of municipalities and all these are the 12
Schedules which you need not WR uh prepare for examination point of view but you are expect to know what are the schedules that I have given now when coming to the syllabus this constitution one syllabus in uh introductory chapter there are four Concepts four four topic first one is a meaning definition and
Historical background is first chapter second chapter is uh uh features of Indian constitution third one is nature of Indian Constitution which is Federal or unitary our quasi Federal third topic fourth topic is fourth topic is Preamble of our Indian constitution these four topics are introductory topics every law
Student is expected to know about these four topic irrespective of their appearance in the examination in first introduction topic historical background is there uh what is Constitution what is the meaning of the Constitution what are the different kind kinds of constition unary federal flexid like this different kinds of
Constitutions you have to know and uh next what are the features of Indian constitution and these features some features relate to unitary Constitution some features relating to Federal Constitution unitary Constitution or unitary government means uh entire central government will take care of everything states do not have any power centr will
Um Federal structure means States will have Independence Center will have Independence in India peace time normal time central government will have Supremacy Sovereign power and state governments also will have sovereignty and Sovereign power so this is what is called duel poity and centers Supremacy State Supremacy that is the federalism
Distribution of powers between cented State some subjects belong to uh Center through Union list some sets belong to States through provincial list however some subjects are common they are in common list for Education Cent will do states will do like this some common subjects also will be there so this is
With reference to um that is federalism whether it is unitary or federal nature then fourth one is the Preamble what is this Preamble what is the purpose of this constitution what are the ideals and goals and in Indian constitution what is the what for what this Indian
Constitution is des designed for what it contains and how the executive should be how the legislature should be how the judicial should be what are the fundamental rights what are the directive principles what is the administ how the administration of justice should be all these aspects are
Uh uh all these aspects are covered under uh all these cover all these all these topics are covered in Indian con what are the various topics that are covered in Indian constitution in order to uplift the ideals and goals of Indian constitution and to establish egalitarian society so the Justice
Liberty equality and fraternity the four pillars of the Constitution uh constition constition to be fortified we the people of India having resolve to having resolve to constitute India into Sovereign socialist secular Democratic Democratic Sovereign soci secular Democratic State and ensure all people Justice Liberty equality and fraternity Justice Means social economic political
Liberty equ Liberty equality right to life and personal Liberty uh equality rule of law article 14 just fraternity so there is no any all are all there is no any discrimination of sex race religion Hindu Muslim all are one and the same that is the Brotherhood that is
Fraternity all these four pillars how these four pillars are built on this how the huge edifice of Indian constitution containing several articles are founded on these four pillars all these aspects are covered in this Preamble what is social what is so secular all these aspects also have been explained in this
Particular chapter that is why dear student friend when once you start preparation for constitutional law one you have to give novel reading of the subject from first chapter to last chapter the introductory four chapter part one to part one to part 4 A Part One lay down the power of parliament uh
How the union territories are designed uh decided how the parliament has can exercise its power to reduce a state increase a state and split uh reduce one part of state and reduce another part of state and united into new state all these things to expansion of the state
Or to reduce the state all these powers are confirmed on Indian Parliament uh are explained under part one containing Article 1 124 in part two section articles 5 to Article 5 to 11 are prescribed for a study of citizenship to this effect for citizenship uh who is Indian citizen what are the
Qualifications and uh disqualification this aspects is there to this effect the special legislation uh citizen Indian citizenship act 1950 also was passed this part two speaks about part three of the Indian constitution containing article 12 to35 uh lay down various Provisions relating to various uh human rights fundamental rights and directive
Principles the most important human rights are enlisted in fundamental rights comparatively less important rights are enlisted in part four direct principles of the state policy however at the time passed some director principles have been included in some fundamental rights sometime and those director principles uh conferred independent status as fundamental right
These aspect I explained in detail in the subjects so that this is what is called uh this is what is called this four topic and part three fundamental rights part four direct principles of State policy fundamental rights are most essential compulsory right direct principles means the Constitution will
Give certain guidelines to the state government you give free and compulsory education you give free legal aid you give equal pay you have to provide equal pay for equal work you have to provide uniform civil code all some guidelines are given if the states have enough financial ability Financial viability
They will follow the guideline otherwise they won’t be able to follow the guide it is not mandatory to follow strictly the direct principle it will be so as the time passed the need and necessity of particular director principle is found essential they may be covered under any fundamental rights for example
Right to education article 21 of Indian constitution earlier protected only life and Liberty but in course of time it CED right to work right to education when Once the article 21 right to education free and compulsory education was a direct principles under part four of the Indian constitution but in while
Expanding the scope of article 21 after on this case this right to education whiches and free and compulsory education and directive principles was discarded from director principles and put under article 21 after some time the right to education itself is given independent status after moini Jane moini Jan case v case and
Other developments I explained in detail in Constitution respective chapter and the right to education which was one of the uh uh right under article 21 but later this right to education is given independent status under article 21 a as a fundamental right so like this what are the uh various fundamental rights
What are the director principles part three containing section article 12 to 35 of Indian constitution lay down various Provisions relating to fundamental rights while part four containing article 36 to 51 of the Indian constitution lay down various Provisions relating to directory principle sub by later by subsequent
Amendment part 4 a or part 4 a containing only one article that is 51a has been added to Indian constitution that speaks about fundamental duties according to rights and Duties are correlated when once you claim right at the same time you must have duty when you want to
Claim right some other should feel duty but once you are claiming so many rights fundamental rights at the same time the individuals must be shouldered with discharging of certain duties try to S the national national flag right to join in Army uh when any individual civilians
Are called to join in army they must join and so many issues relating to National integrity and all some fundamental Duties are to be uh are to be uh strictly adher to the this what are these various fundamental duties I explained in detail this also you have
To the this is the syllabus so uh part one uh for the first instant introduction four topics are there uh four topics are there uh meaning definition kinds and historical background of constitution one topic second topic features of constitution third topic nature of Indian constitution or federalism third topic
Fourth topic a preamble irrespective of their appearance in examination every student is expected to know about their Force topic however the nature of Indian features of constitution may be asked as question or nature of Indian constitution may be asked as question with unary or federal or qu Federal that
Question may be asked or the Preamble may be asked as question so whether Preamble is part of Indian constitution or not with particular reference to basic structure Also may be ask so these four topics you have to read first read first you may ignore slightly historical background meaning definition of
Constitution kinds of constitution you should know features of constitution you should know uh uh federalism or whether unitary or federal you should know and Preamble of the Constitution you must know these topics so after giving for novel reading when once you prepare for the subject you must give novel reading from first
Chapter to last chapter then you should pick out some important topics from examination point of view in first you give novel reading of the book whatever follow uh from first chapter to last chapter single reading if you don’t find it difficult you may uh watch my summary
Lecture on the particular subject if you want me upload once again the summary lecture on Constitution La one if you put in comment I will do it once again with latest development this I’m covering lot so that is the and uh after this uh now reading or summary revision
You first read the introduction topics of four four and second question this is first phase four introductive topics you have to follow then immediately after you have to pick out article 21 of the Indian constitution so the article 21 of Indian Constitution which started with life liberty started expanding from time to
Time so many items have been added so right to work right to live right to die uh equal equal pay for equal so many directive principles of State policy have been included in this article 21 of the Indian constitution of free leg right to free and un unpoled environment
Right to right of burial and all so many topics have been covered so most of the number of items in director principles have been added in article 21 because the article 21 is a very very big chapter if you you concentrate very you have to prepare a notes of 8 to 10 pages
Subject to size of your letters and uh you have to prepare a notes if you go on reading inumerable number of items and innumerable number of cases you won’t be able to recollect in exam the time will not be enough that is why I suggest you you prepare a notes of
Important topics few one side reading few lines and article 21 you have to give full definition Indian con article 21 guarantees no one shall be deed of his life and Liberty except according to procedure established but it is very small some articles the volume is more one page is the contents of some
Articles three four lines you can by heart but strictly speaking we people say that standard this and that how many pages articles you will be able to born in mind 484 articles are there if for writing both the pages you must be able to by heart at least 20 articles from
Constitution one and two how many will be able to byard these articles how many will be able to byard the contents of sections F section some section may be three four line some sections may be one one page two page like this so this is
Why so how best these all the things are for not point of view what you are expect to write is very limited so if you go on reading a big volume and want to produce the same big volume time will not be enough that is why whatever you
Book you follow the smallest or the biggest you have to prepare working notes of your own so that you’ll be able to refer the subject very quickly in examination because the Gap will be one one gap between one exam to another exam may be odly one day so this is uh first
Preliminary aspect then article 21 you have to prepare the article 21 the extension article 21 a right to education as fundamental right also read this right to education fundamental right may be asked at Short notes time 21A now this is first topic and after that after right after completing
Article 21 what you have to do is uh uh the what you have to do is uh the from this is the third topic from direct principles of State policy so here uh what is fundamental what is the relationship between fundamental right and directive principles what is the
Distinction between part three and part four if is a there is in event of conflict between fundamental right and directive principle that is the conflict between inconsistency between part three and part four which will provide so you have to answer when the question is asked with reference to the relationship
Between fundamental right and directive principle you have to write in brief about fundamental right in one paragraph containing number of article part three containing uh part three containing article 12 to 35 lay down provision Rel fundamental right and Is this different articles are there equality 14 equal protective discriminate 154 164 like
That some one paragraph you write and direct principles so part four containing article 36 to 51 lay down provisions and important uniform equal pay for equal work equal for social justice uniform civil court like this the topic free and compulsory education have been Ed however some of these items
Have been upgraded as fundamental right uh like know inew of this subsequent Constitution Amendment you have to write so you have to write one paragraph about the fundamental right one paragraph about directive principles and then now the question is there is a great consy the question whether fundamental right
Is superior to or direct principle is superia the first view as for of fundamental right and as for’s Cas direct principl so and in some cases some situation fundamental right will be given priority in some cases some situation direct principle should be given priority so we so whether fundamental rights we there
We cannot say there is no hard and fast rule that part three should be given priority or part four should be given priority depending on the situation and circumstances sometimes part will supersede part four and part four will supersede part fundamental right is individual right uh director principle
Is social right public as a large if fundamental right is denied an individual is affected director principle is affected violated Society or public as a whole are affected when what what is given priority will be decided depending upon the circumstances of the case these aspects I explained so Harmony should be maintained Harmony
Should be mained so this part to article 21 next first preliminary topic second topic is article 21 and 22 21 a third one is directive principles and part three versus part four that is relationship between fundamental right and directive principles the third topic next fourth topic you have to follow
Is fourth topic you have to follow is article 20 article 20 three concepts article 20 Clause 1 article 20 Clause 2 article 20 class 3 20 class one speaks about exposed fact and 20 class about double the 20 class three is self incrimination so these three are important and very important for short
Notes 20 class one about exposed factor law so out deed laws should not be applied in nandakumar case outdated law was applied and he was nandakumar was hanged it was described as a Judicial murder so Indian constitution came in 1950 before Indian constitution 1950 inumerable number of lws for during British rule those
British rules are still available Indian Penal Code 1860 available today Indian contract act 1872 available today Indian Evidence Act 1872 he followed today so so all all laws which were passed before Indian Constitution must be according to provisions of Indian constitution if any area is not according to Constitution it
Is invalid as per article 131 but after passing of when Once India any law is passed by parliament or state legislature or local Authority it must be according to Constitution any law passed by the parliament must be according to Constitution provision any state law passed by must be according to
Parliament and parliament pass by Parliament and Constitution any local law must be according to State legislation uh St state law uh Central law and Constitution in simple words any local law is must be according to Constitution only this is what you have to follow so otherwise that law is
Declared unconstitutional that law is declared unconstitutional so with reference to the article 20 Clause one speaks about Expos factor law what laws are outdated they should not be followed then double means no person should be tried twice for same offense no person should should be convicted for same
Offense on two times is what double tells you 20 Class 2 23 no person should be forced to give evidence against himself nobody must be forced to give confessional statement police or any anywhere no so he must be uh this this will have pral attention on Article 2
Section 27 of Indian Evidence Act if you follow this article 23 this will help you in Indian Evidence Act section 27 of the uh 27 so that is the I have explained in detail in know evidence lecture also um this will be useful there now fourth topic article 20 class
1 Class 2 class 3 you have to study these three topics and fourth one is uh fifth one is article 22 article 22 means protection against detention unlawful Det detention so there are certain instances the innocent may be arrested and detained when an innocent is arrested in detail what is the
Protection he can have and when a person arrested a personed is not released and detent how he is protected and all these things protection against unlawful detention is explained under article 22 this this implies this relates to rights of the prisoners rights of the persons who are arrested this topic again will
Come in two subjects that is Criminal criminal procedure code also the prisoners rights you will study and uh criminology and criminal Administration subject also you will study this particular topic if you study article 22 in detail here this will be useful to you in two other subjects namely
Criminal procedure code and uh Criminal procedure code and criminology and criminal Administration this is fifth topic and sixth topic is Article 19 and 14 Article 19 there are six freedoms article 191 freedom of press freedom of speech in with particular press reasonable restrictions under Article 19
Class 2 this topic you have to discuss State 14 14 means equality before law equality protection of law that is rule of law this Con rule of law you will study in several places administrative law this rule of law will be repeated and so many areas in seminars also the
Rule of law will be discussed elaborately and the judges while interpreting this law this rule of law will be uh they come across very frequently that is why you are expected to know in detail equality before law and equal protection of law sometime treating equally all would result in
Inequality will result in equality in society all people are treated alike rich people are there Advanced people are there down predom people are there if all equal treated equally Rich become richer poor becomes poorer uh similarly in classroom if Merit students are there average below average students are there
Same lecture is given average student may not be follow bright students will follow in order to uplift the uh uh poor student special classes are be conducted crash coaching should be given so uh is ignoring Merit student giving special classes to uh poor student is not inequality to uplift the inequality into
Equality that is why equality equal treatment sometimes results in inequality in order to overshadow the inequality inequality should be established this is what with reference to article 14 of the Indian constitution these these are the uh topics you have to study in order of next second phase
Second phase in fact all the topics are important but how if you read the number of topics will be 30 to 40 but I’m conis this and and explaining you in a comprehensive manner in SEC phase what you have to do is very small topic fundamental duties part 4 a article 21
51 a this is very small how how when how individuals are enjoying fundamental rights they must at least they must also bear with fundamental duties so what are the fundamental duties I told you saluting National fact uh participating an army navy and other National Integrity all these aspects you have to
Read so if I speak everything time is not enough and uh in uh second phase second topic for disc is protective discrimination it is a burning topic burning topic as I told you equal treating equally would result in inequality in order to uplift the down Trent that is socially and
Economically backward people SC St and backward communities and this protective discrimination is given Article 15 speaks about no discrimination on the ground of sex religion Etc but 54 tells that for down tring people some some discrimination is permitted 1951 23 speaks something and for 154 speaks something so many
Developments are taking place 15 article 154 speaks about reservation to Social and economically backward people 16 article 164 provides uh priority special opportunities to in employment to socially and economically backward people and then recently the government of India passed economically finan economically poor persons reservation also is there all
These things will come under this particular aspect and thereafter after protective discrimination that is reservations in education institution 154 and employment in uh employment opportunities uh 164 protective discrimination next topic for discussion is freedom of religion article 25 to 28 of Indian constitution deal with freedom of religion so the
Word secular has been end in Indian constitution through 4 Constitutional Amendment act according to the word secular means no religion is Indian religion Indian bird is there Peacock Indian animal is there Tiger but Indian flag is there tricked flag but Indian religion is not there if Indian religion is any Hindu Muslim Christian
Or any religion is acknowledged as Indian religion the there will be lot of unrest among various religions if Hindu is recognized as Indian religion M Christians Jews others will fight so if mam mlam is regarded as Indian religion others will fight so that is why for our
India there is no religion is indiaia so all religion are same all religions are given equal footing but no no religion can claim as India Indian religion so that is what is called this because of this issue R issue has been consistently in progress demolition of ramal mid construction mid demolition ramal
Construction this is a long uh years together centuries together fight came to an end in the recent past and all this thing this Rami B issue took place long back the case is was being pending in has been pending in Supreme Court for several decades and ultimately this matter got resolved with the
Construction of ram Mand at aoda so this for ref of religion article 2528 you actually have to read and with reference to this Ram ji Bab issue and other development next one is fourth topics in second phase is minorities article 29 and 30 so minorities means in particular area which particular community
Population is less that area is called that Community is called minority Community some countries Muslims are whole country Muslims will be there in some countries Muslims population is very less so if a particular community population is very less uh as per the government criteria or gget notification that particular Community is identified
As minority communities those minority communities are given Independence to establish to conserve the language of their own to establish then establish and administer the educational institutions of their own for instance the law entrance examination is there but if it is applicable as per rank in law entrance examination seats are
Provided but if it is a minority institution run by Muslim or Christian uh is that they need not follow the rank rank of this lawet score they can give admission to the as per General Merit that is the position so that is what is called they have given Independence to
Establish and administer the educational institutions of their own this is what is called article 29 and 30 uh speak about this uh minorities rights minorities rights so next last phase third phase article 31 is deleted right to property is no more a fundamental right uh but it is
Discard abolished and it is only just legal right and then it is shifted to article 30A 30 as legal right only and now and subsequent comments article 318 to 318 to 21c were Incorporated these things you have to follow and uh in third phase you have to read article 13
Definition of law definition of law and in this Dr flips doctr of do of eclipse is one topic is there doctr of severability and certain topics are there do you have to short notes they will come and article 12 what is the definition of State the the state
Definition means not Andra Pradesh in state means country as a whole so State means particular territory in international State means America is the state India is State China is the state the word state is used the world country is not used like that what is the definition of State the earlier the
State includes uh central government state government uh Parliament and state legislature and subsequently so many items are added Judiciary added letter and corporations are added letter so many independent so many items have been added from time to time this is what article 12 tells you Article 13 defines
This so in uh direct next last phase director principal some items are there equal pay for equal work free legal free and compulsory education it is shifted to fundamental right uniform civil code is there uh uniform civil code is there all certain uh social justice so many
Topics have been there they may be director principles anything may be ask as short notes but the delation between fundamental right and director principle which is in part four of the Constitution director principal chapter will be asked in in top priority these are the various question dear friends
You will have to follow so first time I repeat once again in first phase you give novel reading number two introductory topics meaning definition elements of constitution etical background in brief features of constitution federalism uh and Preamble this is the basis or foundation of the Indian constitution as a constitutional student
You should know the fundamental basis you should read it compulsorily so the question may be asked on what what are the features of constitution what is federalism or what are the features of federalism the question may be asked so that is and in sometimes Preamble Also may be asked most probably if you
Concentrate these two three topics one question will certainly appear in the examination then second topic you go to article 20 uh 21 21A next you proceed to article 20 Clause 1 Clause 2 Clause 3 next topic fifth topic is article 22 uh which is useful to two other subjects
Sixth topic is Article 19 and 14 after manika Gandhi’s case article 14 19 and 21 were prescribed as Golden Triangle by the Supreme Court Supreme Court what do you mean by Golden Triangle article 14 1925 but you have to read first article 21 and then you read read 19 and
Thereafter you read 14 so this is as per this preference you have to read and these are the six topics over next uh second phase first you give uh question may be asked on short notes fundamental duties part 4 a uh containing 5 uh 51a next uh productive degrees with
Discrimination reservation if you reservation is out of material th000 Pages material will be there but you have to prepare very small notes of around 10 pages if you write in there are innumerable number of cases the volume is very high so many commities were there so many lot of volume is
There that is why protective discrimination you have to prepare an essay in brief article 21 you have to prepare an essay in brief and next one is thereafter religion third topic religion freedom of religion 25 28 next myal is 2930 these four topics you have to study in second phe last phase
Article 13 article 12 article 12 30 uh uh 32 to35 constitutional remedies how when an individual can approach the Supreme Court all these things and 31 a to 31 C the developments you have to read so this is the of reference you will have to prepare from examination
Point of view thank you very much dear friends for your patient hearing so is at least why I’m telling in 10 minutes I can read out the topics first phas second so at least this important examination question also I want to give you some idea about this subject so this
Will be like a brief summary suppose whatever book you read whatever your topic you start first you can have an idea with that inclination only I have written but don’t make adverse comment he said that said he will give important questions for five minutes is enough 10
Minutes is enough he has taken a big lecture of one hour don’t make think like that if you listen to this lecture carefully you can have some idea so thank you very much after this lecture I only first semester all important question tips I have given family one is
Left family one I will take up there after family l two uh I will take up all all topics one by one you I take up but uh the delay is due to uh your delay uh so that is why dear friends I’m telling you uh this type of service
Uh you cannot get so easily I am preparing latest information from articles so actually for give making one sentence I am reading hours together also so don’t uh take it very easy take it serious and learn the subject learn the subject thank you very much God bless you
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