Okay so uh first I’d like to thank the organizer for their kind invitation to speak in this seminar I was very uh glad and I hope you’ll excuse my very French accent and that you’ll uh understand understand U me so uh my communication today will deal with brothers and
Sisters during the Early Middle Ages which is uh as Rachel said the title of my book very recently published by breel and which is a slightly uh abbreviated version of my PhD uh thesis which I defended as she said uh in uh 2021 under the supervision of Professor uh in this communication I’d
Like to under line some of the key points I made uh in this book I first present the scope of the study the sources and so on then I show what is a sibling during the Early Middle Ages which is not as simple uh as as simple
Sry as as it sounds and then I show the articulation between some missing topics such as Twins and the idealization of The Sibling Bond so uh first my work deals with family during the Early Middle Ages and as such it is part of a very Dynamic French historiography initiated long ago
And which was later conceptualized by the work of rein Leon family and Power in the Frankish World re made a synthesis between the historical anthropology developed by French medievalists since the uh 17s 17s and uh German protography and other forun she studied the structures of the family during the Early Middle Ages and
Uh in particular she showed that the family was not a large unit but was based on nuclear family made made by a couple and their children since then a lot of Leon students worked on these teams themes more recently some of them got interested in some particular
Relation uh inside of the of the structure of the family syv worked on the fatherly figure and Emanuel stin fors uh worked on couples and conjugality for her abilitation her book which you can see was published after I defended my thesis but a former work that uh deal with it
Too so my work is part of this recent Revival which aims to highlight some understudied links inside the structure in the family indeed siblings appear as a par of the history of of the family according to the word of dilet the interest in them is very recent it could
Be easily understood if we keep in mind the strong influence of structural anthropology on French medieval history because uh they were inspired by Clos a French medievalist used to study the structures and in particular filiation and Alliance there was no place for some horizontal links even when they derive
From filation and Alliance which is a case with siblings moreover my work is part of the dynamic field of gender history siblings relationships are a very convenient way to study gender inside the family as it is conceived by the medieval author of this period as the only non sexual
Relationship between a man and a woman moreover the sources of the Early Middle Ages dealt almost exclusively with the aristocracy and in this social group women were given very important tasks when they were married they had to be the link between their in-laws and their brothers when they were put in
Monasteries they had to pray for their family and they help to shape the territory and the memory of the aristocracy so I tried whenever it was possible to integrate sisters in the study even if they were very much more difficult to uncover than their brothers moreover one of the
Particularity of my work is that I shows as suggested by my supervisor to deal not only with Frankin and Germany but also with the English Realms the French historiography on early medieval England is not very Vivid and my point was to integrate this space in order to make some comparisons it was
Uh actually very interesting especially about the problem of success succession inside the royal family which is more often a succession Between Brothers than between a father and a son in England and because of the inclusion of England the period and the study started uh in the middle of the 7th Century because
The first chapters made in England dated back from this period which leads me to the documentation I used to uh studies siblings I decided to use every sources every Source I could find on the subject my first aim was to use narrative documents and chapters uh in order to
Have a more complete vision of The Sibling Bond but then I integrated other materials such as letters treaties and so on I gave a a few numbers uh of the on the slides uh I used 58 narrative sources such as anal and Chronicles uh 80 lives of Saint uh Saints and six
Biographies of Kings such as Shain l l bios and Alfred and uh concerning diplomatic documentation I used more than uh 1,050 and uh and 500 sorry numbers are very difficult uh Charters Royal and non- Royal who mention uh siblings I also used some objects and uh images when needed for instance uh I
Will start with the the cover of the of the book which is a wonderful animal uh which was on a cross made at the request of abess Mata of Essen shortly after the death of her brother Duke Oto of swab they are both represented of the on the animal the two
Siblings are depicted as equals they were matching costumes and the scene is supposed to represent the transmission of the memory inside uh of the family indeed uh Oto and Matilda were the grandchildren of Emperor Oto the first and his first wife Edith the untimely death of Oto childes uh at the
End of the 10th Century doomed this branch of the family to Extinction and the so-called Oto and Macha cross is a beautiful depiction of the collaboration uh of a brother and a sister to maintain the memory of this branch of the family so uh images and objects could um could
Show some some things which are not seen uh in the in the text and Matilda were siblings born from the same parents but in reality the definition of siblings is not always so easy first the Latin vocabulary is very complex as with words meaning father mother or husband and wife there are
Several ways to say brother and sister in classical Latin ganus or g means a biological brother or sister whereas a f or Sor is also used for social siblings this connotation still existed during the Early Middle Ages but there were also some important important changes first ganus and G was the
Dominant was dominant uh the dominant form in the 7th Century but it became a minority of occurrences during the 10th the shift occurred at the end of the eth century and the beginning of the 9th in fania but there were some important differences according to the spaces and
The sources in England for instance even in in the seventh century the coule made by frater and Sor was dominant it was probably due to the influence of Old English and vernacular tongue in which there were no different there was no difference between biological and social siblings the term used being B brother
And sester sister uh moreover in AOG graphic texts ganus and G remained very frequently used approximately uh 20% of the vocabulary denoting sibling bones Was Made of This R this word ganus g the author of the lives of the Saint Saints needed to highlight the differences between biological and
Spiritual kinship so they keep using they kept using this World indeed with very few exceptions due to literary style gamus and gam remains used exclusively for biological links whereas frater and soror could be used to express spiritual Christian uh kinship however it could also be used to uh highlight other familial bondes in
Certain circumstances I will take just one example of what anthropologists call classific classificatory sorry kinship a classificatory kinship as opposed to descriptive kinship give the same name here FR or S to relatives who do not have the same genealogical position it’s very clear in the otan
Family at the end of the 10th Century as you can see I will explain what is on the screen because Oto the second at the in the center of the slide C is few Duke Oto of swabia the same was depicted on the animal I showed earlier he called
Him frer in several diplomats some of them are still preserved as original so it is not an error made by a later copyist the two AOS were very close they were almost the same age and they grew up together calling his nephew a brother of frat was for the emperor a way to
Express this proximity but more surprisingly other Diplomat issu issued by uh Oto the his son or by his mother Tano when he was a kid also C other cins Henry theam and his son the future Emperor enry thei uh he called him Brothers F this Branch uh of the family the enry
Was opposed to the others and they rebelled uh several times however the term brother was used when they were in good term with Oto the thir and it may be considered as a way to show that they were worthy of the family and maybe worthy of the phone brother was used to
Call the closest M male king uh King and maybe an Hair Apparent and finally when uh he became king andry the second also called his cousin Sophia and adid AO the third sisters his sister is sorores in several diplomats his legitimacy was contested and it was a way for him to underline
This his proximity with the precedent King and to enhance his right to the throne so the vocabulary was consciously used by some to underline some political or familial issues surprisingly though it was rely used to make differences between children born from another par half brothers and half sisters were
Generally called ganus or frater and S it’s more ambiguous for adoptive siblings because uh adoption was quite rare it seems however that the distinction between biological siblings and adoptive ones was quite clear but some in some cases uh the parents wanted to make sure their adoptive children were recognized in the ninth Century
Life of s Luda the D Giza commanded her con son K Berard to protect his sisters but also to take care of adoptive daughter yud Bea uh I showed the citation of the quotation on the on the screen and to count her among your sisters and to love
Her this very rare example shows that maybe adoptive children were not recognized as full siblings the passage also underlines the importance of parent and education in the formation of The Sibling Bond parents seemed to encourage encourage the good relationships between their children in particular by educating them together or associating them to their
Decisions of course this implication of the parents also depends on the size of The Sibling Group it is quite difficult to estimate the number of children per women uh per woman sorry during the Early Middle Ages Maybe three or four children per couple lived long enough to be become
Adult so I decided to look at other factors and in particular at the number of siblings intervening together in the sources the results were quite interesting because in N narrative sources as well as in Charters the average number of siblings is two of three even if we know that the group was
Bigger the table on the screen is in French but you can see that in the Corpus of English charters in the CH which is the second Con in the charters of singal the third colon and in the shs of Cl so in England South Germany and burgundy the siblings the French world
Is AD appear in group of two in 70% of the uh percent of the cases it is the same thing I won’t develop because I won’t have time in the narrative sources such as uh in bed uh or in Assa or in the English anglosaxon Chronicle and
It’s it’s the same on the uh continent however uh in most of the cases the two siblings were were men in the charters the sex ratio between brother and sisters is 9.5 with important differences between the Anglo sexon charters in which the sex ratio is approximately four and the
Charters in which it is approximately 13 this extremely unbalanced sex ratio is not of course representative of the demographic reality of medeval populations it’s uh more the sign of the relative absence of sisters in land transactions and donations to religious institutions the and the group uh the groups constituted only by sister
Sisters are extremely rare in the sources if the sources represented the siblings in small groups most of the time made of two people it would be logical to expect the frequent mention of twins in the premodern period twins represented one or two% of the birth there were frequent figures in antique
Mythologies or in the novels of the second half of the Middle Ages however there were quasy absent from the document a of the Early Middle Ages there are fewer than 10 cases in the sources are used three of the documented cases involv twin birth that resulted in the death of one of the
Children at the end of the 8th Century Queen Ard wife of char main gave birth to two sons the future L Louise bias and Roa and uh Roar died shortly afterwards at the end of the 9th centur an anonymous Noble woman gave birth to twins one of whom died but the other was
Saved by Sint walberer and in the middle of the 10th Century Queen jaaga wife of Lou Louis the four of frankia gave birth to two sons Charles and Henry but only Charles survived in this case the author were concerned by roal genies and the intercession of saints in the misfortunes of
Mother in general twin birth in themselves are not the subject in of particular comment except maybe in the AL anal of quing Borg at the beginning of the 11th century uh because the analyst mentioned the Monstrous twin birth uh but the description corresponds more precisely to what we would call uh
Conjoined twins than just twins some lives of sense uh especially on the second Al of the 9th century as also uh also asserted that the saints were twins uh S Benedict of nura and his sister Scholastic s oportuna and his brother and her brother sorry Kong
Bishop of SE and Meda and God but this these Saints are very shadowy figures and some of them like Goda are totally legendary we can Jon note a brief interest in Twin sense in Northern Gold during the second half of the 9th century so Twins were not a recuring
Literary literary or artistic motive motive even if the in the very rare iconography of twins this point is often missing the leg legendary founders of Rome romeus and ramus were uh represented with their adoptive mother the She Wolf but it was most of the time a discourse about romanitas and not about
Twins it is even more striking with the twin Saints cosmas and Damian they were early Christian martys and they were quite popular during the Early Middle Ages for the period understudy the English writer alel at the end of the 7th century is the only one to mention
That there were twins as you can see on the screen even if this fact was well attested and also known to for instance Gregory of TR of the 14 mentions of kmas and Damian in the diplomas of uh Oto the first Oto II and Henry II notably in Acts
Referring to the monry of Essen which was dedicated to them none of these diploma diplomas mentioned their family relationship floa also mentioned them met only as Al Queen mentioned their Brotherhood but they are only brother gmany and fratus and not twins the rare depictions of the Saints
Are in the same vein if we enlarge the scope of this study uh we can see four images of kmas and Damian during the Early Middle Ages the first one is the impressive Mosaic uh in the Santi kosma Adano Basilica in Rome which was made in the
6th Century uh the two Saints uh are introduced to Christ by S PA St Paul on the left and St Peter on the right the other two figures are Pope Felix the 6 founder and of the fer of the baa on the left and uh St Theodor we can also see a dedication
Seen in an essn sacramentary from the middle of the 10th century in which uh the twin senss are not uh represented for as twins uh we also knew an image in a new lost manuscript commissioned by abess adg of Asen at the same time Asen was
Dedicated to the sins and finally uh we know the uh cover of the Gospel of Abes theano of Essen in the middle of the 11th century also the although the construction of the images parallels the two things in all of the images they are always individualized and they do not
Appear as double it’s clear here they don’t have the same uh face structure and it is also very visible here they don’t have the same hair one has a round hair and the other not uh moreover the copy of uh adg manuscript is the only one one which mentions the relationship between the
Two men and only as Germany not gmany which is the Latin word meaning twins without the incre inscriptions and the context of the images it would probably be impossible to say that they were twins the question of twin sense raises the broader issue of legendary or biblical twins in the Bible the
Archetypal example is that of the enemy twins is and ycob but the text placed more emphasis on the question of the birth right than uh on the common bir and it was also the question that preoccupied caringin exits the Cassy absence of twins is quite surprising in itself but it goes
With with other missings elements historians working on sibling siblings also underline the importance of two other themes incest and fratricide but as with uh twins they are very rare in the early medieval sources concerning incest in the third book of the poem in honor of of King uh
Lou the Pas written by heral the black uh at the uh beginning of the 9th century lomber count of n tells we about the customs of the people of of Britany he asserts that they are Christian in name only that they are like wild beasts that they have no regard for children
Widows or churches and as a supreme oror that brothers and sisters share the same bed as you can see on the screen here incest is like the other elements of the enumeration a way uh to emphasize the barbarity of the Britain people as opposed of course to the good
Morals of the Frankish people in contrast to the just affection that should unite siblings incest is seen as a sign of a breakdown in the family structure incest was P perceived as a monstrosity so big that early medieval Chronicles almost never mentioned heat it um incest uh was was known uh in laws
Of penitential but not outside it in fact the only known accusation is the one made by King lar II against his legitimate wife toberer when he wanted to divorce her L accused her of incest and sodomy with her brother and consequently of abortion this is what is
Con sign in the proceedings of the cnode of Aken written by the famous inkmare of rings in this text uh incest is called an unheard of crime horrible in its unspeakable stain but the accusation was highly political and it was a way for the king to ridicule his wife no unfit
To be a queen because of such a crime but the Queen’s honor was then Washed by an oril of course I don’t believe that incest didn’t exist during the Early Middle Ages it seems more realistic to underline that uh we don’t keep code documents which are used by historians
For over periods moreover the sence of the sources is not in itself insignificant for the author of the Early Middle Ages who were mainly members of the clergy The Sibling relationship was an ideal relationship sposies could refer to each other as brother and sister uh which is
A sign of the abandonment of caral relation and of great affection before the Gregorian reform uh The Sibling B was not suspect it was in fact the the very model of a possible spiritual relationship between men and women and I think that’s why we can’t have incest in the sources it was
Unthinkable for those uh clergymen concerning then frde uh the table on the screen shows that I found just eight cases of fratricide in the sources I compiled uh these one are the real uh crimes to which we could add two mention in the epic poem be
Wolf however in the uh middle of the 9th century Ood of GL of Glon explained that frd were frequent in the Heritage quarz but as you can see they are not very frequent in the sources the Rarity of sibling murders is all the more interesting because it is I think
Specific to the period that I studied before the middle of the 7th Century fide was frequent in maror of engan sources particularly in Gregory of T and for the 11th and 12 12th century Martin Orel could at least five frat resides for Prince Le families alone and
Therefore he considers that it was not an EP phenomenon Jonathan lion notes however that in the noble families of the Empire of the 12th and 13th centuries fatri side was also absent more than half of the murders recorded took place after the middle of the uh 10th Century which should be seen
In the context of the importance of fru side after the year 1,000 mentioned by Martin oel the train seems to begin uh in the second half of the 10th Century moreover fratricide is a matter for men especially as the accusation against Adel of amaland who had her
Sister yugar killed at the end of the 10th century is unduly slanderous the author alair of mess tries to um to show that Adel is absolutely evil so she killed her sister but even he he said he he mentions that even him is not quite sure that this happened so it’s kind of
Slanderous B therefore appeared to have been any female murderers of uh her siblings the only female victim at the beginning of the 11 century was raena nicknamed siga was killed while pregnant by her brother Peter in order to uh take her property The Unborn Child was probably a threat to Peter’s in
It was the competition for patrimony that motivated the murder one of the Frat reides took place on the fringing of Germanic lands the murder of venas by his brother bisas according to vidin and later to Titar uh the murder of vesas was a proof of the perversion of the slaves just as
Herod’s incest was the sign of the perversion of the Britains the subversion of stratal Norms was a marker of the monstrosity of improperly christianized peoples vidin ins insisted on the barbaric aspect of this murder this hypothesis is reinforced by bed’s account the seven Century historian mentioned fratricide in ancient times
But at the time of AA for instance but known among the Christian English kings and uh for him and other fratricide is inir direct opposition to the Christian logic of fraternity nevertheless fratricide appears to have been a preoccupation of the elite of the Early Middle Ages numerous Works depict or evoke more
Or less clearly fratricide and reflect the anxiety of the aristocracy about the Outburst of conflict between Brothers the fear of fratricide is of course based among other things on the biblical episode of ab and Ken which is regularly alluded to in early medieval sources however the this episode can be
Used for any type of crime and not just fratricide although references to can were not always used to talk about fatri sdes they probably did feel a certain imagination surrounding this crime iconography Echo these concerns according to amod the black in the 9th century the church at ingelheim included
A representation of kain’s murder of Abel among other uh Old Testament subjects maybe it look like the graphic depiction of the murder seen in the ash bam pentat made at the beginning of the seventh century uh which you can see on the screen on the
Screen uh in the IG Palace a fresco also depicted I quote how Romulus and Rus led the foundations of Rome and how the former struck down his brother with a Criminal hand end of qu quotation so you have to imagine that the leading figures of the Empire includ including the
Emperor himself passing by these images of mythical fratricide every day when they were staying at inine although the inim cenes has not survived there are still images of venceslas being murdered by his brother vinas was the subject of several uh Tex before the year 1000 one of his lives was composed by
Gard in Italy during the reign of Oto II the earliest witness to the text was commissioned by Emma uh at at the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century uh and Emma was the wife of the Bohemian Duke Bas the second on for 20 and 21 as you can see
Between the prologue of dedication to the emperor and the text itself there are two image of vesas and his brother the first one on the left uh shows venas which is on the left and Bolas on the right at the banquet preceding the Frat side Bas is surrounded by his many
Supporters while vesas appears alone against everyone but supported by the Archangel Michael the second image image on the folio 21 uh shows the very moment of the murder the characters are identified by name on the left venas rest his word from Bas and on the right
Venas P to by Brother seeks refuge in a church but the priest it is an evil priest is an ally of Bolas and he forbids him access what is depicted here rather than and fratricide is the mar Dome of a saint in the second image however the
Clauses of vesas and bisas match each other and help to create an effect of symmetry between the two protagonists which is end to which is one of the ways used by artists in the Early Middle Ages to emphasiz the kinship between two individuals while clearly individually individualizing them which can see the
Same process uh on the NL of Macha and Oto uh who wore the same uh clothes so twins incest and fatri sdes appear during the Early Middle Ages as horrible deviances menacing not only the sibling Bond but society as a whole this is due to very strong to very strong
Idealization of fraternity masculine intended in deeply unequal societies fraternity is the only model of equal relationships it embodies Christian values and as such any deviation deviation is considered as a problem this explains I think the relative science of the sources about these three deviances which are much more visible for other
Period but what if we go beyond this very ideal idealistic uh Vision I will maybe shorten my uh communication another element could be studied to show the real collaboration between siblings the war and conflict could give very interesting information about about that and when we think uh of
The of sibling uh conflicts during the ear in midd the ages it is of course the long and very violent conflict between the sons of L Theos that comes to mind however this war occupied a very important place in the sources and appeared as a as kind of a distorting mirror of the
Reality if we look at lower levels of the aristocracy things could be very different outside the Royal and quasy royal families where competition for power was common collaboration and mutual support was actually the norm it can be seen of course in several domains for instance I will take one uh example
In the management of Family Estate uh I will focus on the founding of monasteries uh I couldn’t translate the map but I will explain it each uh item is a monastery founded by siblings in the spaces I studied there are also such foundation in southern gold Spain or
Italy but they were R and I didn’t study these spaces in white we’ve got the monasteries fed fed between the middle of the seventh and the middle of the 8th Century in red do established between the middle of the 8th century and the year 900 and finally in Black this funded
Between 900 and the early 11th century the diamond form represents institution established by brother and sisters the triangle form monasteries F funded by Brothers only and the inverted triangle by sisters only but they were very rare I’ve got more detailed map maps with the names and dates uh of
Foundation the distribution of the foundation is not in itself surprising because the second half of the 7th century and the first half of the 8th century were the main period for creation of Monastery in England with the exception of chatus and uh in the 8th Century the missionary impetus in
Germania explains the Bavarian foundation and after a deep in the 9th century Foundation exploded in Saxon it should also be noted that most of the foundation 14 in all uh in all were mixed and involved both brothers and sister however their statu in the foundation was not always the same a
Distinction have to be made between joint foundation in the strict sense and Foundations made by man so that his sister could become an abess these two types of foundation are shown on the maps but we could also mention family monasteries where the abot or abess enjoy the support of their
Siblings the strictly masculine Foundation were rare in England and Saxony probably because female monasteries in this area were very important the institutions funed funded by both a man and his sister were in general feminine foundations some of these monasteries were in fact also ruled by siblings this
Is a case for cor founded by adala Anda adala was the first abot but waa seconded him in everything and he finally succeeded him this this was also true for lastingham uh in the middle of the seventh century Chad the founder and Bishop of the East Saxons had to go to
Court and he interested the purification of the monastery which he had beg begun by fasting to his brother thil who ensured the regularity of monastic life there and on his death uh later Chad interested lastingham to Chad another of his brothers almost all of the brothers with
The exception of the last brother Ken were responsible for founding and and running the monastery which appeared to be a common property of the family group uh several Foundation then were made by men who appointed their sisters as abses this Foundation were made both by
People such as P or G and member of the clergy such as barking in the first case the aim was to found a monastery to ensure the family’s memory following a similar l to other aristocratic foundations the founders gave their sister a specific role in commemorating the
Family as other did with their daughters for instance as for barking fed by a conad uh the bishop wanted to strength Christianity he funded another settlement at the same time as barking no D in competition with other aristocratic families on other side of the channel unlike his predecessor by
Definition as a bishop he had no wife or daughter so only his sister was able to take on this duties and thus became the main stay of his business so far for be from being a sign of asymmetry within the family the foundation laid by a man for his sister
Was a sign of complimentarity and collaboration between siblings moreover it is not impossible that the sources which are very favorable to the founders concealed to some extent the involvement of women in the uh foundations for instance Oto the first diploma on the foundation of G showed
That vickburg which is a woman uh who is a one donated property to the foundation in the same way as the brothers even though she did so through a suicide this close involment of uh the sisters in the foundation while not always obvious seemed to be very
Frequent so uh I’ve got to like a last point but I will uh shorten it of course to uh not to to be too long uh I’d like to finish this presentation by speaking of royal family as I said aristocratic and royal families didn’t function in the same way
Uh in the same way Aristocrats could operated with their siblings but kings were regularly in war with them with some exception uh when the brother is a bishop of a sister anes and the other exception is England in England indeed the succession was more often brotherly than father to
Son in the Realms of North Umbria Mia and westex there were more brotherly successions that father two sons I won’t detail because I I don’t don’t have the the time but um how can I say uh this prefer kind of succession created special links between brothers and uh I show example but I
Won’t the detail of which of a brother cooperating in Chatters and you can also see that see that in bed however in England the brother of the King was very rarely a bishop because all sons of a king could pretend to the throne the only uh exception uh
Is that is that of King Albert on of North Umbria and his brother Eggbert Bishop of York but egber become Bishop before his father uh his his brother became king so they they functioned as an aristocratic more than a royal family and they issued coins together which is
Very rare but I won’t have to time to comment uh on the continent on the contrary the brothers of king were more frequently Bishops whereas the link between a king and his lay brother was often very difficult the bond between a king and his brother uh when he was a
Bishop was often described as an ideal uh it was the case uh with uh Albert and Eggbert uh who are praised by uh Aline but uh this is also the case and more the case on the continent with uh Luis Theus and his half brother Drogo Archbishop of mes in the biography by
The astronomer there is this very moving scene when L the pous is dying and his brother helped him uh on his dying bed uh Oto the first and his brother Bruno Archbishop of K are also shown by uh aonian authors as ideal as a kind of um Episcopal and Royal rule to Germany
And another example which is less uh known is that of king of burgundy rodolf III and his half brother burkard Archbishop of lion L and abot of sorice Dagon it’s very interesting because these two are not known by narrative sources there are no narrative sources in burgundy uh uh at this period and
They are also uh they are only known by charters and uh bard of Leon appeared in onethird of the charters of his brother King Rudolph so that’s quite exceptional and even Bruno of K is not so present rodolph and burkard has also had another particularity because uh rodolph
As used is non uh how can I say that um rodolph used Bard’s Brothers which are not who are not his brothers to is Ru as you can see Bard mother adud had two other Sons by another man onel which is known who is known as V Industries in the sources and
These two um men enen and burkard also called burkard are not related biolog biologically speaking to Rudolph but Rudolph used them uh as he does as he did with burer and S become Bishop of a a very strong uh place and bard of Vienna and they were Arch Chancellor and
They uh intervened in the Diplomat with burkard of so this is a kind of extended family extended group uh which is very interesting to study and which showed the strong sibling Bond even between brother between people who are not strictly speaking brother I could also speak of the abses
When there is no uh Bishop but it would be uh too uh close and I will end um to to say that this was uh how can I say a very short highlight of the um the the things I said in the book it would be
POS it would be possible to mention uh much more elements of the sibling bondes first the abses of course but also childhood feelings death the implication of the sisters in the memorial the consequences of widowhood the conjoint management of Estates and so on but it
Would be uh too long and I would like to thank you very much for your attention and I hope you uh you have un understood me thank you very much
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