WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS BY ANUSHA MAM (10th FEBRUARY TO 16th 2024) @ekamiasacademy

So for this week these are going to be the topics which we are discussing you can see here this covers from 10th February to 16th February right so right to Information Act in what context we’ll see all the things about RTI then right of forest Willers in India we’ll see

About F act then the concept of flow test and other related things we’ll see the issue of Preamble MSP demand Water Act we will see the recent Amendment bill was introduced and it got approval in both houses of Parliament we’ll see what is it what are the changes that

Were being made now and we have this haps okay so India is demonstrating this technology also we’ll see what is the benefit of this and next uapa then these are important From prms perspective so there is CMS Bond convention is there for this there is a cop that is

Happening in the recent time so next we have one government scheme BM Swan this is a news section 125 of crpc biodivers heritage site retail inflation kalsa banduri project and other related issues Supreme Court colleg Swami D sarasti the person in use and also we have another

Program pranant sudia and you have m b y so these are the topics which we are going to discuss okay these are important from Mains perspective and these from the prelims perspective let’s start with the first issue that is right to Information Act you know why it is in

Use electoral bonds right so when Supreme Court has sashed or made it unconstitutional the scheme of electoral bonds the main reason it stated is it is violating the right to information which is implicitly there under article 191a of Indian constitution so you know electoral bonds means again what are

Electoral bonds what are electoral bonds Bond means what in case if a question is asked in Mains suppose for example in two days if you have Mains exam and the same question was asked in GS2 then how would you define Electoral Bond or what is the introduction you’ll write money bearing

Instrument purchased for providing political funding by any individual organization anything established in the territory of India especially these are interest free bonds right so you have to give the features like in case if they’re asking asking what is a scem and detail if they ask give all the details

Otherwise if they say the statement that electoral bonds is a violation of right to information or in case if it is making the political funding opaque or these type of statements if it is as just introduce in a brief and then go to the main issue how it is asked also is

Very important okay so then you have to Define so here you know what is electoral BS it is a means of political funding you know Supreme Court has made this unconstitutional because the persons who who are electing the representatives they also have right to information in respect of whom they’re

Electing how they’re getting elected what is the funding they’re getting from the political parties or like through the political parties from different persons or organizations that is also implicitly there under right to know that is what Supreme Court has opined the main reason and some other reasons were also stated that is subsequent

Reasons like Financial quid proo is there means gain for gain you can say okay that means if I give you funding later you give me some benefit that is what Supreme Court has observed this is what seen in the political funding right okay so in this context we are going to

Discuss about right to information you might have come across electoral bonds so if you have any doubt you can ask me with respect to electoral Bond but here we are going to discuss specifically about right to Information Act in this context right so you know this act was

Brought in 2005 okay because earlier also so many proposals were made and so many like you can say large scale hesitations were also done by some organizations to like to make this as a fundamental right right if you have remembered first country to implement this is in Sweden Sweden in 1766 itself

It has made right to know as a basic right in their country but you know when we have our human rights when did we have this codification of Human Rights un H have you remembered this un Declaration on human rights that happened on 10th December no

1948 human rights day we watch as this 10th December in the N International level right on that day first time we have codified and we have given these are some basic human rights that has to be given to to all the citizens in every country by virtue of being born as a

Human everyone is entitled to these fundament like fundamental human rights that is what given by the UN for the first time but you can see Sweden itself in 1766 only it has given first time right to know that is the origin you have to know but in India so the demand

Is there from 1960s we have later on in you know 1990s you know BP Singh is the prime minister at that time also he tried and he said there is a very much important need to introduce such a law which is providing right to information and you know before this act we also

Have Freedom of Information Act which was introduced in the parliament but it could not get approval in the parliament okay later on subsequently we have this 2005 act which was brought in the form of right to Information Act okay so right to information although we are

Having this as a statute but still it is implicitly there under article 191a of Indian constitution where we have fundamental freedom of speech and expression right okay that means this is a basic fundamental right which is already implicitly there so in this context you should know what is the

Purpose of the ACT what are the features of the act and also what are the challenges okay so if you know what is the thing that was introduced by this act right to information who can seek the information who can seek the information right to information means who can seek that information

First C very good any citizen of India not foreigners okay only citizen of India can seek information from whom again from whom you can seek the information yes but that is a proper word you have to use is Public Authority okay from any Public Authority any citizen of India can seek the

Information or they can exercise this right to information so again who are public authorities also defined under the act so you need not remember sections as you’re not law students you need not remember sections but just understand the essence or the features of that so they have given Public

Authority means any body or organization established under constitution of India or by Parliament or state assemblies or through executive resolutions also so in that way means anything which is related to government and its functioning can become a Public Authority so from any Public Authority any citizen of India

Can seek the information but another important thing you have to keep in mind is there is some exception also given I discuss that exception later but coming to this whenever you are asking the information it should be disclosed to you from the designated Authority within 30 days of your

Application okay normally in normal situations 30 days your information has to be provided but in case if there is any urgency or if there is a threat to the life of the liberty of the person for example if that person person is going to die but that information is

Very important to save that person’s life at that point of time within 48 Hours also that information has to be provided that is one of the feature of this particular act in normal situations 30 days but in emergency situations within 48 Hours also in case if you can

Show that there is a threat to that life and Liberty of the person 48 hours but in case if you file a wrong application to the wrong Authority that means who have concerned Authority not going with that Authority if you have filed your application to some other authority who

Is under who is not having authority to issue that information then 5 days time period will be extended that means 30 + 5 48 + 5 48 hours+ 5 days will be given okay that means they have to change the authority know they have to send in

Again they’ll send in that way the time period is mentioned in case if time period is not fulfilled or the persons are not giving the information within the timeline then what should be done you you can at appeal at the higher authority then in in that situation also if it doesn’t

Happen what you can do information commission you have to approach State and Central information commissions you have two statutary bodies no these are statutory bodies because they’re established under right to Information Act they’re not established under constitution of India so when you’re writing about statutary bodies which are under GS2 governance

There is role of statutary Quasi judicial and you have the bodies know so there you can write even right to sorry cic and sic okay State information commission and these so if you have to remember there is a central information commission mainly to take care about the

Right to information act at the central level okay there is one composition is it should not one c will be there Chief election sorry Chief Information commission but not more than 10 information Commissioners at the central level okay 1+ 10 not more than 10 in the

State level also the same but there is no separate State act remember under this act only they also have their Origins do remember this okay then another important provision is in the recent times there is some amendment made to this act of 2005 right to Information Act in 2019 they brought an

Amendment strengthening RTI or weakening RTI weakening why yes so previously cic that means Chief Information commissioner and other Commissioners they used to have a tenure of 5 years fix the tenure okay but now with this amendment they are changed to The Sims and fances of the central government means anytime central

Government can appoint them and remove them there is no fixed time period means they’re more vulnerable now to the central government’s Sims and finances that is one main change that they have made and another change they have made is with respect to salaries alliances also previously they have the same

Eliances like chief election Commissioner of India cic will have equivalent to CC and other information Commissioners to the election Commissioners they’ll have but now again they have changed again that provision also to the V and farmes of the central government only that means if they have lost their autonomy or Independence okay

In this way with the recent amendment in this way this is one recent Amendment which you have to quote and another thing is under Section 8 8 Clause 1 and 8 Clause 2 there are some exemptions I told you any public auor if you have to file an application they have to give

Information right but not all authorities are entitled to give this information there are some exemptions for example some sensitive information like defense or anything which is related to National Security or RBI related information which is very important okay these type of informations can be Exempted from not giving this right to information from

This authorities that is given under Section 8 Clause one of this s then Section 8 Clause 2 is there which which is giving exemption to those which are mentioned under official Secrets act you have official Secrets act which is brought in 1823 by the British that means some official Secrets can be kept

Secret only there is no mandate that they have to be disclosed so under Section 8 Clause 2 whatever are mentioned and official Secrets act those can be Exempted by not disclosing under this right to Information Act that is also an exemption means it is not absolute there are some exemptions even

There under right information second thing recently if you have seen most of the times we are coming this we are coming uh like you can see the controversies with respect to right to information and also right to privacy yes or no so right to privacy is making everything more transparent and

Accountable right but on the other hand if you are asking every sensitive information or sometimes it may some concerns are there that right to information is violating our right to privacy because in the recent times right to privacy was also made as a fundamental right by Supreme Court right under which

Article 21 of Indian constitution no right to life and personal Liberty so here these two are getting in contradiction you can see so this is one issue you have to focus on okay that means this should not violate right to privacy because both are implicitly

There in the Article 19 and 21 of Indian constitution so when there is conflict between two Provisions normally courts will follow the practice of doctrine of harmonious construction okay so for example if you have remembered in case sometimes we’ll have issues like uh for example what I can say privilege of

Parliament members okay at that point of time what happens if they have exercised their freedom of speech and expression in the parliament sometimes if there is a parliamentary breach of parliamentary privilege that means with you know within the house all walls of the house anything said cannot be produced as it

Is except without the permission of the house right that means if any newspaper has given exact replica of the speech or something which is made by the Member of Parliament in the house the same thing cannot be produced on the papers except without the per like except with the

Permission of the speaker or the house that in that situation what will be there in case if any newspaper has said that this person has performed this or he has spoken like this then it is violation between 10 not5 parliamentary privileges getting violated and that editor will claim that 19 one year have

Freedom of speech and expression no at this point of time both are also constitutional Provisions only okay so at this time also they’ll try to interpret in a way of harmonious construction harmonious means both have to be maintained they have both have their utility so you cannot like give

Weightage to one provision and you cannot weaken another provision so both have to be with minimal damage to both the provisions both have to be interpreted that is what doctrine of harmonious construction which will be used most of the Times by Supreme Court in interpreting two different provisions

Of the Constitution when they’re getting into conflict okay the same thing will happen in this case also right to information and right to privacy okay so it depends on the case to case basis again then another issue we have in the recent times is with respect to this amendment I told you and

You know with respect to another thing is with respect to political parties so you know political parties whether they have to be brought under right to information or not is one issue which is there from the LA since since Inception in 2005 onwards we have this issue whether political parties have to be

Brought and second thing which is not incl Ed Under right to information is judiciary itself okay so Judiciary will say it should be very transparent and and accountability should be there but at the same time they’re very reluctant to bring Judiciary into RTA right to information okay so these are the two

Things which in since in Inception it is facing but in the recent times cic’s decision to include political parties under RTI okay so that has been upheld by the Supreme Court so now even political parties are also under the Ambit of right to information so previously Chief Information

Commissioner has issued an order that even political parties also will be under the Ambit okay so why political parties are reluctant they say that it will lead to what will happen if political parties will be brought Vendetta politics will be there that is what they mostly say okay that

Means even ruling party and opposition both will argue that it is against their principles because so in case if they know the information about the particular candidate or the party then it may used it may be used by another party to Target them and it may result

To harassment and all these type of things no that is why they want they don’t want and they said political party itself not a Public Authority that is the first thing they highlighted okay if they’re not Public Authority then what is the job they’re doing here yes or no

They’re serving the public interest they’re doing for the public that means they’re also under the Amit of public authorities right so now even political parties are also brought that is one another thing you have to keep in mind right then what are the ISS what are the

Benefits you tell me of right to Information Act why should we have such act transparency accountability then awareness okay it is empowering citizens of India then transparency accountability then okay it reduces corruption and red tape is a more bureaucratic Nexus anything okay good then in case if a Main’s question is asked

Whether do we require right to Information Act in practice actually then what you should say you have to substantiate no you cannot say that right to information should not be there so what you will write at the point of time yes so democracy means you have to write this no democracy means

Information not only democracy means of the People by the people and for the people no so for the people and by the people of the people also these three things have to be uphill that means citizens they have to know the information not only that’re electing the persons but from the persons who

They have elected they have to know how they’re functioning everything know so if you have you can quote this type of things Thomas Jefferson you know a political theorist okay so he made a statement that information is the currency of democracy so in you can start with these

Type of statements okay in case if you come across you can quote these type of things so information itself is the currency of democracy so that is highlighting the importance of information so not only this it also involves citizens in the part decision making process and also it is empowering

Political participation of the people in the Democratic setup no okay in this way you can write some advantages then what are the disadvantages or like what are the challenges that TR to Information Act is facing in the recent times are we able to fully functionalize this particular institution of information commissions and all

Narrow scope vacancies are there lot of things because in the recent time so many information Commissioners and their Chiefs in the central level or state level there are so many times vacancies are there right and and one another thing you can write in the criticism or one thing which is

Stopping this act from fully functioning is in the recent times if you have remembered in cic’s election this person will be chosen by a select committee right in that who are the members you have prime minister leader of opposition and one Union cabinet minister recommended by the

Prime minister so just on the ground that there is no leader of opposition government has stall this process of appointing cic for so many years so this has also been observed by the Supreme Court that this leader of opposition or these things okay so when you see this

Is also one point they have raised when this political parties have to to be brought or not under the Public Authority domain at that time Supreme Court said you are including leader of opposition in the selection committee that means political party person only know he’s not the part of the government

Right when political party person is involved in the process of selection how can you reject that they won’t come under Public Authority that is one the statement used by Supreme Court in this particular issue also in that way you can write as many challenges or as many issues if you raise in different

Dimensions it will add validity to your answers and okay in that way you have to not not only broaden the scope of the answer raise multi issues okay don’t stick to only one issue or generalized issues try to go into deep in these type of issues where you know in governance

And transparency and accountability also you can quote these type of things right okay and what is another thing what are the challenges we have further yes so whistleblower protection is not that sometimes in case okay some in some situations if there is any corruption or any misgovernance happening at that time

If any person wants to leak that information also okay so there is no proper protection so so many persons are fear of losing their jobs or employment all these things okay attack on so many whistle blowers so this is also not there in India then you can see here

This we have seen right 191a speech of speech and expression we have then you can see recently Supreme Court observed that electoral Bond schemes and anonymity is violating the voters right to access to the crucial information in this cont context this right to information is already implicit

Breach of the ‘s right so in case if it is undisclosed okay the donor’s identity you know that is a main criticism right why electoral bonds was challenged right donor anonymity is there that is why Supreme Court said it is clear violation in in case if it is undisclosed so what

Is a reaffirmation made is Supreme Court the main two pillars on which this RTI is functioning is transparency and accountability so the court said these two things are not observed or not practiced as part of of this electoral Bond scheme that is why they made it unconstitutional and what did government

Say in Supreme Court is Supreme Court they said that if we disclose the identity of the donor then it cannot be like you cannot justify this thing of the black money and all that is why they wanted to keep the donor’s identity secret but I didn’t understand what is a

Justification from the side of the government okay so how it is related to an thing of black money and donor identity if it is revealed right so again this was also rejected by the Supreme Court that donor’s identity revealing is having no connection with unearthing of the black money from this

Electoral Bond scheme right then evaluation of this RTI act okay we have seen so first time it was implemented in Maharashtra in 2005 okay if fact you can remember then challenges if you see the recent times unpreparedness of the system and increased demand so everyone they’re trying to exercise their right

To information so much demand is there but Manpower is also not the same level okay that is why we are facing this shortage of personal and it is also resulting in repeative questions and personal Vendetta politics right then what is this Landmark decision that was made in

2013 is to bring this political parties under the Ambit of RTI act okay this is one recent Landmark decision taken by Chief Information commissioner to bring the political parties so these are the issues you can see the recent times vacancies and pendency of cases are there so this is main thing defun State

Information commissions so many states are not even appointing information Commissioners and Chief Information Commissioners at the state level headless information commission head means Chief persons are not there okay to take care about the organization long waiting time for hearing okay so they’re not disclosing the information within

The stipulated time so this is with respect to right to information act any doubts you have with respect to electoral bonds or right to information second thing is we are going to discuss this rights of forest rers in India okay so this issue always is appearing in news in different

Context first thing you have to know is who are forest dwellers who are forest dwellers who reside in the forest right yes or no that means they belong they may belong to scheduled tribes or they may not also okay some communities who are not belonging to ests but they’re

Traditionally living in the forest areas they also will be considered as Forest Jewelers so here we have a specific act called Forest Rights Act which is brought in 2006 or we also called scheduled tribes and other traditional for forest dwellers protection of Rights Act 2006 same act okay but different

Names you call so here two persons are addressed by this ests who are living in Forest land and other traditional Forest drers okay so these two persons and their rights why this is in news because recently if you have remembered chtis gar became this is not the context I’m

Explaining context is different but in the previous thing which you have to remember from prelims perspective is chattis Gad became the first state to Grant this right of forest dwellers officially okay they have given this protection to the forest Builders enforcing this Forest Rights Act okay what is the main purpose is sometimes

You know for Forest any reason we for whatever the developmental purpose we want what we focus is on the Forest right we wanted to divert as many Forest plan as much as a for Forest plan we can and we try to incorporate those developmental projects without even environmental impact assessments right

That is what happening that means it is becoming a threat not only to the environment but also to the communities and their existence so in this context in 2006 only Parliament has brought this particular act Forest Rights Act okay so what will be done through this act means

They’re recognizing the rights of the people who are based on the forest for example scheduled tribes and other jewellers means how you these persons means if you stay for one day then you won’t become Forest dweller okay so government has identified because this act was brought in 2006 no okay till

2005 means cut off period was set like citizenship Amendment act they said before 13th December 2005 any Community St or traditional Forest Jewelers if they’re living for three generations okay continuously on the forest land and if they show the proof okay that they have been there and they have been

Cultivating the forest land there then they will be given land rights or used rights over that particular land okay in this way 2006 act has given four types of Rights we’ll see what are those four types of Rights but main thing what happened is chisar has given recognition

To these Forest rights means that because you know there more tribal people are there in the central India so they have given in favor of tribals but now what happened is Tamil Nadu government it has reserved Reserve Forest will be there no Reserve Forest means you have the very reserved rights

Will be there that means grazing everything will not be easily allowed right except with the permission of authorities there they have designated some Reserve Forest as the wildlife sanctuary okay so what happens if they’re designating this as a wildlife sanctuary again there will be further restrictions plac no so these people who

Are living in the reserve Forest they’re losing their rights over cultivation or collecting the forest produce or Community rights or conservation rights so that is why they have raised their apprehensions with respect to this particular decision in this context also this issue is a news if you have

Remember 2 three years back also so many states okay so they previously they didn’t implement the provisions of the act and they didn’t give title rights to the tra dwellers and all that is why Supreme Court said that every state has to start this process of recognition of

Forest ders at that time only upsa has given an PRS based question also f is implemented by which Ministry tribal Ministry environment like this they have given some statements okay so it was so much in you since 2 three years onwards so main thing is here you have to

Remember four types of Rights will be given for these people one is land rights land rights means as I told you they have to show that from three generations okay they’re residing on the same land or the forest land for three almost three generations then they’ll be

Given ownership rights of how much four hectares four hectares ownership will be given to those communities if they prove that they’re living on the same land for three generation four hectares means 10 acres okay so that means this land will be registered and they will be given

Title rates title you know Land Titles okay that will be given in their name no new edition will be given means in case see normally if you have come across this or no I don’t know but in land loss scsts okay STS especially in the reserve Forest and these areas they cannot

Transfer the ownership of their land or they cannot gift or they cannot even give it to the Le and all these things are prohibited because again that will be leading to the vulnerability of EST most of the times is influential people they’ll try to like you can say peace

Them or they try to influence them and they can grab the land that is why this changing or shifting of the land or you can say there won’t be any name change also allowed in case if you’re gifting the land also it is not allowed transfer

Of ownership is not allowed from to non St state to estate is allowed okay so this is one provision we have so here what happens is four hectares will be registered under their name but no new addition will be given and no new land will be added to this this is a first

Right they have given then second R right is Ed rights used rights means you know normally these forest dwellers or Estes they’ll be deciding what are the livelihood options they have either cultivation or Hunter Gathering Gathering means any Forest produce minor Forest produce or anything you know what

Is minor Forest produce right except what is minor Forest produce like all these things no medicines and all so except this Timber and bamboo if whatever the things you collect from the forest and you can sell it in the market okay for livelihood it is considered as minor Forest produce so

Over those also they’re given used rights means they can collect the minor Forest produce and they can sell in the market and you know in the recent times we have pradan mry W yes have you remembered this so that is also brought to realize this particular right only so

They’re given Wan means whatever the material you have collected from the forest that can be sold in the market and that can become the income for these communities One n so it is implemented by trifed have you remember trifed tribal marketing Federation so marketing of forest produce that is a main job of

This organization in this context you have have to remember so use rights with respect to minor Forest produce then you have Community rights Community rights means this is individual right okay first one is individual right second is also individual rate then you have third one is community right Community right means

As a community you can graze particular land or you can use any natural resources like water bodies present in the area and all in that way you have the community rights over the forest then fourth right you have is conservation rights that means not only these rights

But you also have a right to conserve the environment because you know traditionally STS will be connected with nature okay they try to protect the nature and they have so much of nature worship and all these things as part of it they also have right to conserve the

Nature also apart from this even in case of any Rehabilitation or you know displacement they are entitled to Rehabilitation also you know most of the times because Forest land when it is getting diverted okay at that point of time they have this right to Rehabilitation also okay this is also

Their under Community right only and conservation right these type of four rights were given under this act Forest Rights Act okay now why this means when this particular area is DeMark as Wildlife sanctu you know it will hurt or you can say it will Curel the rights of

These persons know they cannot easily graze the land or they cannot cultivate so there will be some restrictions and every think they have to take care or they have to take permissions from the forest authorities for this reason they are opposing this move of the Tamil Nadu government okay

Clear so you should know normally a difference between wildlife sanctury and the national park what is National Park in white Sanctuary which is larger in area National Park then I’ll rephrase my question among biosphere Reserve National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary which one is larger biosphere Reserve because two three national parks or wildlife

Sanctuaries can be part of one biosphere Reserve right then National Park wildlife sanctuary what is the difference wild animals only are thinking but while plants also will be there because there also some only they will be considered in like you conserved in the National Park you’re saying in which there will be

More restrictions National Park very good compared to wildlife sanctuaries national parks will have total prohibition okay so there won’t be any grazing rights and cultivation rights even with respect to research also you not be easily allowed but in Wildlife sanctu these are permitted not prohibited permitted with some restrictions this is one basic

Difference you need to know and in National Parks national parks can be designated to conserve one particular species also for example if any species is is at risk of Extinction then to conserve that also we can designate an area as National Park but Wildlife Sanctuary it doesn’t only deal with one

Species but in a broader way if you wanted to conserve then you can demarcate it as a wildlife sanctury in this way the basic difference you need to know right so both have to be notified or who will say this this is going to be National Park or who will

Decide who this is going to be a wildlife sanctuary who have this Authority minister of environment to designate a national park or Wildlife sanctury who will have The Authority yes state governments can notify but before notification they have to inform to the ministry of environment they have to give clearances after observing okay

So then only state government it is the state government’s choice to designate an area as National Park or Wildlife sanctu so this is a basic thing you have to know okay then so here we are going to discuss about this nation wildli sanctury also as it is in news we don’t

Know upsc can ask so this is between Satya mangalam tiger reserve of Tamil Nadu Mala mahadeshwar wildlife sanctuary and also Cav sanctuary of Karnataka so you know again UPS already have asked one question on the Satya mangalam tiger they have given four options and which of these are is said the connection

Point between Eastern GS and Western guards that is why when you’re coming across one Sanctuary or national park you need to know the location ALS just type the name in Google and just observe on the map that is only one thing you have to do because if you don’t know the

Location and if you just hearing the name and leaving it there and then then it won’t be serving the purpose right if there is any uniqueness associated with it you have to know any particular spaces is famous in that particular area you have to know again any water body is

Passing you need to know okay these are the basic questions only they’re asking but we are just confining ourselves to what is mentioned in the newspaper or in the books we are not going Beyond it UPS is expecting that has to be done from the aspirant side okay this is always at

The meeting end of Western GS and Eastern GS sat tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu and these two in the Karnataka so you know this is forming part of nilgiri elephant Reserve right how many elephant reserves are there in India recently new one was notified you have to update right tiger

Reserves elephant reserves when new things are sanctioned yes no no no we didn’t have 40 yes how many elephant reserves are there how many tiger reserves are there recent one cal cal is not the recent one state government it did not be notified by the central government right

It is just a proposal in the state here we have 54 tiger reserves and 35th elephant Reserve was recently notified okay I’m not going to reveal the names that is your homework you have to do from your side okay I don’t allow spoon feeding okay check that after

Class the latest elephant reserve and tiger Reserve okay then here you can see this is one of the tiger Corridor notified by ntca okay National Tiger conservation it is not a tiger Reserve but tiger Corridor Corridor means you know between two national parks or sanctuaries they’ll Place some Corridor so that like you

Know when you are allowing the road or Vehicles okay so that animals will not have any disturbance separate corridors will be demarcated EO corridors or green corridors also will say so that this movement of animals will not get disturbed by the movement of humans okay in this way there’s a tiger Corridor

Notified by this National Tiger conservation Authority which is implementing this project tiger you know okay this is a statutary body established under Wildlife protection act 20 1972 okay it was established in 2006 after recommendations of tiger task force and this is a agency which will notify the tiger res okay project

Tiger then so here you see this is this particular sanctu which was debar it it is drained by paa river okay this is in Tamil Nadu and you can see this issue cultural and historical significance because tribal people okay they have this more connection with the land that

Is why they started this issue potential rights infringement that is one main objection they have raised potential rights means as I told you f is giving them rights no under this act f is also called as I told you schedule tribes and other traditional forest dwellers recognition and recognition of forest

Rights Acts in short we call this as Forest Rights Act okay so this rights which are guaranteed under F we have seen four types of Rights no those are getting violated in case if this is remarket as a wildlife sanctuary that is one concern they have raised then these

Are the things I told you Genesis I told you since it was brought in 2006 enforcement from 2007 about it you can see here occupied for Generations so minor Forest produce I told you already here you can see the is title type of Rights you can

See title rights or land rights you can say maximum four hectares will be registered on their name if they show that they’re living for three generations then use rights with respect to minor Forest produce individual Forest rights also I have given here only then Community rights to protect

And regenerate the forest and all relief and developmental rights in case of any developmental displacement they have to get Rehabilitation relief Forest management rights already I told you okay so to protect in forest and Wildlife In This Way basically four types of rights are there with the forest communities if you want just

Write down the title rights or these at least the titles if you remember fine you can expand on it since Independence and before independence also you know these communities are subject to different things of displacement and all because britishers also tried to invade into their Forest because of Timber and

Other Forest produce so from then if you have remembered but all tribal revols majorly centered over this issue only right because they don’t want outside of Entry because they’re losing their culture their lifestyle societal changes were brought Advent of Christian missionaries into this this is one reason right why most of the tribal

Rewards were fought so from then you can write any answer if it is asked you can just mention a line in this way so that you are showing that you’re having idea about even pre-independence to dat issues okay then key Provisions is one main provision which is strengthening

This act is empowering gram Sabha okay so with respect to this any decision even if you want to say which is minor forest produc and which is not mined for us produce every decision will be taken by grahs SAA grah SAA means the lowest level body no you are not giving this

That means this is a democratic decentralization you’re giving the decision making level to the grah Sabha itself with respect to this F this is one main provision then grazing rights I told you these are Community rights everything they have to require the consent of the total community grah SAA

Means again who will be their part of grah SAA all the adult members who are there within that area of the village or gr no so all those persons they have to give their conscent in claiming the title to the land also you can say legal

Title will be given only when they have this proof that they’re living for particular area or land for three generations then only they will be given eligibility criteria means you can see must be a scheduled tribe okay they must be a scheduled tribe or they can even qualify as other traditional Forest

Willer okay so then you can have this rights in three generations you have to prove prior to 13th December 2005 this is a cut off date they have fixed before this three generations if you show that means almost 75 years you have to trace back then they should prove that they’re

Living there for Bonafide livelihood means in good faith okay so you’re living there in good fate means you’re not there to disrupt the ecosystem or you’re not there to exploit the forest you you have to show that in good belief or in good faith only we are living in

The forest and we are maintaining this livelihood in case if you prove these things then you will be given rights under this Fu okay then concerns Associated is these are the issues this is also a potential Mains question poor recognition so in spite of giving these type of Rights but

Still state governments have to recognize these rights but they’re showing the reluctance because you know again development versus environment all the time this will be an issue right so on the other side there are developmental needs for projects and all but at the same time you need to

Conserve environment so because of this reason there is poor recognition uncertainty and eligibility okay so some people if what in case if they cannot prove before although they’re living there but they cannot prove and in what situation then uncertainty will be there with respect to eligibility misuse also

Some people they’re taking the rights and they’re giving leasing rights and all these things to others unofficially for mining purposes and all so this is also getting misused unsustainability of forest resources so in the recent times you’re seeing more and more Forest resources are getting polluted and

Unsustainably used so in that way this act is not going to protect this Forest resource negligence by government authorities mainly is bureaucratic Nexus okay so bureaucrats are not empowering this act of grah SAA okay they’re involving politically and that causing some troubles in implementation then imposition of absur distal process you

Know in tribal areas there will be low literacy that is one feature we have seen in the previous class also very low literacy is there in the St no then in case if you’re asking to show that digital proofs have to be given all in case if you go with the digital process

Only then you can recognize your rights then how it will become a Cuba some process for them to register and to show the proof and all so this absurd distal process of imposing and to get or to Grant the land rights is also causing some troubles in implementation of this

Act then uneven implementation across the states as I told you chattis Gad has given the rights then Tamil Nadu is taking the rights so in this way there are uneven implementations in different states so you can see Maharashtra odisa chattis so these are the only states to recognize these rights substantially do

Remember these states okay so you can write an answer or even if they ask in prelims you can write Maharashtra odisa and chattis gar only Maharashtra and has enabled their activation to denationalize this minor Forest produce at least in the scheduled areas resulting in at least thousand Villages

Managing their own forest means minor Forest produce they can take under their choice okay they can have their rights over this in a well protected way that is given by Maharashtra so do remember these facts from bills then the issue of flow test you might have come across

This right we are seeing yesterday also there is a flow test yes yesterday there is an a resolution on motion introduced in Delhi assembly claiming CL that they have confidence in the house this confidence motion was introduced in Delhi assembly if you have come across Arin casol has initiated motion of

Confidence in the Assembly of Delhi so in this way we are hearing about this Flo test previously nitish Kumar has introdu this flow test and many other things we observing the recent times so what is the concept of flow test means it is a mechanism to prove whether the

Government is having majority or not in the house okay so it can be used to introduce no confidence motion or it can be even used to show the confidence in the house two ways it can be used no confidence opposition parties will initiate confidence motion has to be

Introduced by the government itself okay in this way two ways flow test will be conducted but who is authorized to conduct this flow test and is there any constitutional backup means yes there is some constitutional backup okay so who is authorized means in case if the assembly is in

Session okay or the house is in session and at that point of time speaker can initiate the flow test proceedings or in case if the house is not in session then Governor can initiate this concept of flow test okay flow test means he can ask the government to show the majority

Okay then under what Provisions means you know there is one provision 164 when Governor can ask the persons to show their majority on the floor of the house that is what we call as flow test right here what is more important is it is also called Trust

Floor test is nothing but trust h on the floor of the house that is what the part we use and you can see here it is held in legislative bodies to find out whether the government is having majority or lost majority this is done through voting so different types of

Votings are there again no need to remember that but here as I told you house in session speaker will have house is not in session then under 163 Governor is having the power to call houses for session power to someone under that power only this flow test can also be summoned so

174 Governor can summon again that summoning power is also on the aid and advice of the Council of ministers at a time and place any time any place it need not be in the assembly only any other place also can be chosen by the governor to sit and

Discuss so then 174 Clause 2 a is saying that Governor from time to time can proog the house to be is saying it can dissolve the assembly also Governor Okay so pration summoning dissolving the assembly all these are the things rested with the governor adjournment adjournment sign die will be with

The speaker yes or no adjourn adjourning the house adjourning sign die means without specifying the date of further sitting if the house is called off okay at that point of time it is urgent sign D we call that is with the speaker or the priding officer summoning progue and

Dissolving the lower house will be with the Govern governor of the state okay these are the things you have to know then 163 you know this all these Powers will be done on the AED advice but dissolution on of the house in case if the house lost majority with the

Government then it can happen on the governor’s discretion we have discussed in other class right okay two types of situations are there when the chief minister himself will advise the governor to dissolve as I told you previously kcr has asked previous term okay when he fought elections in 2018 at

The time before 6 months only he went for elections then he asked the governor to dissolve the house prior to 6 months only at the time on the cm’s advice also he can do that but in another situation in case of a flow test if the house has

Shown that they have lost majority in the government at that time it is not the it is the discretion of the governor but not on the aid and advice of the Council of ministers okay this is situational discretion rested with the governor of the state then you can also

Remember that this is a discretion as I told you in case if he lost the majority of the house flow test in this particular case of shivas chaan who was the former prime minister sorry former Chief Minister of madya Pradesh at the time the speaker’s Powers were upheld by

The Supreme Court that on the prim of view that means on the face if it is appearing that government has lost majority then speaker is having the powers okay so he can convene immediately the flow test or he can give the chance to introduce such type of no

Confidence motion that is is what observed in shivaraj Singh Chan case in 2020 by the Supreme Court so you know what happens during a Flo test what of confidence can be introduced o of no confidence can be introduced okay two different things here they will ask for confidence so the government will

Normally present this and you do remember for these type of things not necessarily all the house members need to be present whoever are present and for showing their their willingness to vote only those persons can vote that means in the present and oting only it will will be taken majority okay so not

All members are required again so here you know CMS will move as in the case of Delhi we have seen OT of confidence you can say majority members if they vote in favor Government Can Survive otherwise they have to resign okay this is one situation oting methods

By voice vot is and nose you know by oting through electronic means they can also show and also Ballot Box in a different way but it is again the discretion of the priding officer whichever the method he can choose it happens both in Parliament and states do remember okay don’t think that this

Happens only in state in the central level also it happens and composite flow test is one another variant we have composite flow test means when two or more parties claim that they are having the majority so suppose for example if there is hung assembly okay so at that

Point of time there is another discretion with the governor and president no so if no part is having clear-cut majority then president and Governor can call any party which he thinks that they have majority okay at that point of time he can he can initially ask them to form the

Government and he can give some time like one week or something and he can ask them to show the majority in the house later on if they couldn’t show majority they have to resign okay later on if they resign and some other part is also claiming and two three part is

Claiming that they have majority at that time to show all their claims okay then composite flow test will be conducted means when two or more are asking for majority Okay then if majority is not clear again special session will be convened then after composite majority okay so to see who have majority present

And noting will be done you know speaker also he’ll have casting vote only in case of time you know okay in normal situations in flow test speaker doesn’t do because if he’s voting in the first instance that will show that he’s showing his political Alliance that is

Why in the first instance itself speaker will not out only in case of time he’ll enjoy his casting out this is what one feature okay simply they can ask this type statement okay do remember this from prelims then next thing we are going to discuss is Preamble issue you know why

Preamble is in News why why it is in news recently Supreme Court agreed to examine so some people have petition before Supreme Court saying that you know here there is date of adoption that is 26th day of November 1949 no but you know here two words were added later on

No Sovereign and socialist they were added in 1976 with 42nd Amendment right so when they made changes in 1976 and here the date itself is suggesting 26th day of November 1949 so this is not correct so at that time it is not reflecting socialist and secular principles no that is why Supreme Court

Said whether they need to remove these two things okay to enhance to enforce this particular date or whether this has to be changed or something okay date with respect to that Supreme Court agreed that we are going to examine in this context Preamble is in news okay so

You know here decoding is very important we the people means entirely okay who is most powerful in India the people of India next is the Constitution okay so we the people means power is with the people of India then you know these are the things which reflect the objectives

Of the con stitution right objectives means Sovereign Sovereign means we have complete independence with respect to our matters okay so we are completely free and we are not under any country’s rule for taking our decisions independently then socialist this is a word which was added right socialist was

Added in 1946 okay sorry 1976 with 42nd Amendment so what is the socialism We are following Democratic socialism Gandhi and socialism okay mixed type of economy that is what we are following then you have secular secular means positive secularism which is different from Western secularism right that is a negative secularism we call

What is secularism secularism means when the state doesn’t have any official religion of its own it has to treat all the religions equally okay they should not show any discrimination in terms of religion that is what we call secular State and Democratic means when Democratic means when the representatives are elected by

The people directly or indirectly we call it a democratic state in India we are an indirect democracy we are not a direct democracy what are the principles of direct democracy yes referendum pleite H then recall then okay so these are the four tools which are part of direct democracy

Referendum means with respect to a decision political decision okay so yes and no will be asked and people can decide pleite means previous class also I told you with respect to geographical things okay so whether there should be addition of territory or you can cedary territory part of the country then pbde

Will be there recall means you can recall the people’s Representatives if you are not happy with their performance who are elected by the people themselves then initiation means if you want to if you think that there is a need for a law which has to be introduced in the

Parliament okay but it was not introduced in the legislature then you can initiate also that means here all the things are done from the people themselves not by the representatives right but in India we cannot do these things right yes or no so India is not a direct democracy

India is following indirect democracy where we are giving all the powers to the representatives and they are doing on behalf of the people okay Direct democracy is followed in countries like Switzerland they have direct democracy but we don’t have okay this is Democratic Republic means head of the

State is elected he can be elected directly or indirectly again direct election in case of USA indirect election in case of India we don’t elect President directly no who is electing the president of India Electoral College composing of yes Delhi and pucher nominated members will participate in the impeachment of the

President but they don’t participate in the election election of the president okay so you have to Thor be thorough with these things then these are the objectives which the Constitution wants to say okay if you have remembered we consider this Preamble as the identity card of the Constitution because it is

Reflecting what the Constitution is what type of constitution We are following and here we have these are all the nature of the Constitution for example justice justice in terms of social economic political Justice okay Social Justice Means without any discrimination economic Justice Means equal pay for equal work adequate means of livelihood

Proper standard of living nutrition everything you can see in political democ political Justice means everyone under Republic there is another provision most of the people will also ignore is all public offices in India are open to all there is no discrimination right anyone can contest as president of India if they have a

Time 35 years of age and if they are citizen of India right that means there is no restriction that is also one political Justice principle only okay then we have Liberty in thought belief Faith expression and worship in all these things we have Liberty Liberty means freedom okay then equality

Equality of status and opportunity in both the things we should have opportunities then fraternity means maintaining Brotherhood unifying as India okay so in maintaining individual dignity and also unity and integrity of the nation this is fraternity so you know which is also added here unity and integrity this principle along with

Socialist and secular these were added subsequently in 42 amendment that means Preamble can be amended but only one amendment was made so far okay do remember this so next you know in our constituent assembly this is a date of adoption date of enforcement is different okay date of enforcement is 26

January 1950 okay on that day we enforc the provisions of the Constitution along with preamble and you know Preamble is based on what objective resolution introduced by joal nehu in 1946 no okay so this became the basic thing on which our Preamble was drafted objective resolution introduced by neeru you know after

Enacting all the provisions of the Constitution then they have enacted the Preamble we have taken this concept of Preamble from which country us okay us Preamble is there so from there we have INSP have taken this provision then significance means you can write okay it reflects the objectives of the

Constitution as well as nature of Indian Po in that way you can write the importance of what is the true Spirit then we’ll discuss the main things here you can see this is a context okay so Supreme Court agreed to examine socialist and secular although they were added in

1976 without altering the date whether it is valid or not okay so that will be the thing Preamble means you know introductory statement just it is is like a preface to a book okay you will get some idea before reading the book no same way preul also inspired from us I

Told you and objectives resolution of jaal nehu date of adoption is different date of enactment is different 26th November 1949 26th January 1950 these two are different do remember this then what is the significance I told you already okay so then content we have seen interpretative value is one thing which

Supreme Court said means all the pr okay it is like a prease but still it can be used in interpreting in case if any question is involved with respect to fundamental rights directive principles or any other Provisions then Preamble can be interpreted by the Supreme Courts or Judiciary in understanding what can

Be done in that particular case that means they have interpretative value with respect to Preamble that means it can serve like a guiding principle for deciding the cases related to these things then amendments made I told you only one amendment was made in 42nd Amendment in 1976 okay Preamble can be

Amended do remember then cases Associated is one where you have to remember right first case is berubari Union case right you have in 1960s we have no berubari Union case so what is that case with respect to exchanging of a land territory berubari is a place in

West Bengal okay what happened is you know when India and Pakistan got bifurcated Radcliff commission has demarcated the boundary right West Bengal is having at that time boundary with East Bengal that is Pakistan present Bangladesh no at that point of time what happened is initially they didn’t object anything but later on they

Started claiming and they’re asking for berubari okay so at that point of time in 1948 Neu and noon noon is one person from Pakistan president so they have signed an agreement Neu noon agreement we call in 1948 it was signed between these two persons they have made an

Understanding that 12 Parts exchanges we call okay okay so that will be extended horizontally means if there are 12 areas in berubari territory of berubari six will be extended means Pakistan it will give surrounding area and India whatever they ask will be exchanged so this is

The issue that is happening at the point of time but Parliament has raised objection because till then we didn’t give any part of land to other country know but what did government say we are not giving any land intake we are also taking some land okay that is just an

Change there is nothing secession of land to another country so that doesn’t require any parliamentary approval that is what the stand of the government is at that time opposition in Parliament said no as you’re exchanging land also that should involve approval from the parliament then what happened it was

Referred to the president of India what should be done president has exercised his powers under article 143 that is advisory jurisdiction and he asked the Supreme Court’s opinion okay at that time first time Supreme Court said preamble why this Preamble is linked to this issue means as a sovereign state

The government said as we are a sovereign we are free to take our decisions that means we can exchange the land as the government we have the power we have the majority we can take the power to exchange the land so it doesn’t require Parliament approval then this

Issue of sovereign in the Preamble also came to picture at the time what did Supreme Court say Preamble itself is not the part of the Constitution then how you can take power from the Preamble and how you can say that we are having power okay in this case for the first time

Supreme Court said Preamble is not the part of Indian constitution but later on you know subsequently in casan and the bti case it has overruled its own decision in it said Preamble is the part of Indian constitution later on LC case also it was reiterated that it was part

Of Constitution that means even today also we having the same provision that is Preamble will be considered as part of the Constitution only okay that means it can be amended if it is not okay if it is not not part of the Constitution then what happens Parliament doesn’t

Have power to amend the Preamble rate okay that is what first ruled in berubari case but later on it was changed right clear any doubts then MSP okay you know why MSP is in news because forers have launched again their protest second protest you can second wave of protest in Delhi

Asking mainly for this MSP okay so what is MSP you know minimum support price why it was guaranteed by the Indian government because in case of any distress sale okay Farmers have to be provided with some minimum support okay that means in case if there is a huge production of

One particular crop and like it got flooded the particular crop is flooding the market then there won’t be price for the particular crop no or in case if there is any loss of the crop then also no one will try to purchase and in that situation in these two situations

Government will purchase a crop from the farmers at some support price that means they’ll not be at loss the farmers will not be at loss to support them this minimum support price is given but if you have to date back the origins of minimum support price first

Time we have this food grain inquiry committee which was constituted by then jaral Neu cabinet but they didn’t follow the recommendations at that time also they said there should be some minimum support price but this was not implemented subsequently later on again L bahadur shastri when he was the Prime

Minister okay you know he is a person also he who have given the slogan J Jaan J kissan okay he’s so much concerned about the forers and the agriculture so at that point of time he constituted a committee called lkj committee so this committee said there should be a minimum

Support price type of mechanism so first MSP was announced in 1967 following the recommendations of this LK committee okay just mentioned this Committee in case if a question is asked in Mains okay then you know as it was just based on the recommendations of a committee it is a

Policy decision at the time they did not bring any law in the parliament to give this backing to the MSP that is why even in the recent protests also if you see the main demand is they’re asking the legal backing for MSP that means statute

Has to be brought so that it will have legality okay in case if MSP is not implemented in the future okay then farmers will not have any fear because of MSP you know 22 crops and the support that is provided by the government so many farmers are going for cultivation

In these 22 or 23 crops no so in case a future governments change this provision then what will happen that is why the farmers are asking for legal backing okay in the recent times so this you know initially this MSP when it started in 1967 it was recommended by

Agriculture price commission This was later renamed as CAC CP commission for agriculture costs and prices in 1985 okay so two main things you have to remember is it is fixed by a commission called sorry it is determined what should be the price will be determined by cacp even before the sewing season

Only that means not after the crop coming to the market okay before sewing of seeds only they will determine that for this season this is going to be the MSP so if you’re happy with that MSP you can go with that crop or you can change

The crop that is what one main provision is there so this will be determined by cacp Commission on agriculture costs and prices okay later on whatever the price that is determined that will be finalized by another commission called cabinet committee on economic Affairs this is cabinet committee you know okay

Which is extra constitutional in nature there is no mention about cabinet committees in the Constitution right to ease the functioning of cabinet or to simplify the job of cabinet we have this cabinet committee on cabinet committees okay how many cabinet committees are there only five this government has repealed some committees and two

Committees were added okay check out two committees which were added recently and do remember for only one committee that is Comm cabinet committee on parliamentary Affairs defense minister will head okay so previously it used to be headed by the Parliamentary affairs minister only but now they have changed that defense

Minister will head this cabinet committee on parliamentary Affairs except this committee all other committees are being headed by the Prime Minister himself if C if any cabinet committee there will be a prime minister as a member then it will automatically be headed by the prime minister in case

If prime minister is not member of any committee then they’ll have separate Minister as the head but only one committee we have in the recent times is cabinet committee on parliamentary Affairs which is considered as super cabin cabinet okay because most of the political things will be taken care by

This cabinet committee only so except this committee all other committees are headed by the Prime Minister himself okay like you have cabinet committee on security cabinet committee on accommodation on appointments also you have political Affairs committee you have and we have this economic Affairs Committee in the recent times we have

With respect to employment and economy we have two committees formed okay so in that way you have to remember and they don’t don’t have any constitu backup do remember okay here what is one main thing you have to remember is it is form of Market intervention you know

Immediately after producing a crop okay in case if he doesn’t get a better sale you know mostly what happens is the farmers will go to the market and they’ll try to sell off you know the persons who are buying the particular crops the Traders or the middlemen

They’ll try to exploit the forer no okay so he doesn’t have this option of storing the crop anywhere in Cal storage because everyone are not financially affordable to store them in the coal storages no or in case he cannot the transportation cost also he cannot in like in current he cannot again take

Back for some other day know he cannot store that is why he’ll try to sell off even if he gets a very uh like un what you can say unacceptable rate you can say right in case if he doesn’t get a better rate also without any other

Options of storage and other things he has to sell off the crop that is what observed in the market so to prevent this government what it is doing is it will buy at MSP okay if you’re getting a more than price than MSP you can sell

Off but in case if you’re not getting a better crop then minimum support price will be there okay so who is buying at minimum support price it is FCI okay Food Corporation of India is there no they will purchase the crops and they’ll store these particular crops

Which are brought at MSP in their go Downs you know from here it will be sent to the PDS so you know again from PDS States will buy and whatever the designated amount they want that will be bought by the state governments and through PDS they’re Distributing to the

People in this way it is operating so this MSP is a form of Market intervention where it is just a policy decision which is not having any legal backing to ensure ensure the people of agricult with respect to agriculture produce against any short fall in prices okay suddenly if the after you know

Initially when they’re sewing the crop price is very high but later on if there is decline in the price at the time of selling in the market then what will be the person’s Fai right so you know large scale forers suicides also we are seeing in India because of these things that is

Why MSP was given and also even case of bumper production also this MSP will be implemented as I told you this is a committee which is chaired by the Prime Minister will be finalizing the rate of MSP so here you have to remember this is at the beginning of the sewing season

Only but here most importantly some main things will be considered randomly they don’t decide the date uh prices of MSP so they will con some things like what is a Commodities demand and Supply in the market cost of production market price trends in the domestic and international level inter crop price

Parity that means if two crops MSP is the rice and wheat okay so how much is the difference that they’ll also observe so now most of the fers are asking same price should be given for wheat and rice so that that will not harm any particular commodity so in the times of

Deciding MSP you’ll be coming across these terms no a 2 FL and also C2 we have this type of pro uh calculations we come across right A2 means these are the things which the farmers incur like for example if they have to buy fertilizers or if they have to engage labor in

Cultivation process and all all that cost is calculated as A2 okay to this cost if you add family labor because you know family labor also will be involved in the agriculture process right so their wife or their children or their parents they also will be involved that

Is if you add this family labor cost to this A2 already acquired cost will be there no so in the process of cultivation then it becomes A2 plus FL okay so this is one thing you have then you have this C2 this price is what we consider as capital assets price means

In case if you hire any equipment like tractors and all if you take anything on rent that thing will also be added okay so these are the terms which you come across and what did Ms form then committee recommend to the cost of production it should be more than at

Least 50% okay this is what Swami nadan committee that is National Commission on formers has recommended for example if the cost of production is 100 rupees then 50% of 100 is 50 rupees means 150 rupees should be given as MSP that is what Ms formad has recommended but in

The recent times if you see that is not we are calculating and we are not even guaranteeing that much 50% okay so that this 50% again will be used for next propop inputs okay because they have to buy all these things initially they have to buy later on they’re getting MSP but

Who will give if you are not if you’re not having money or if you’re falling short of credit right so you need to get the money in advance so at least 50% is what promised or recommended by Ms formul another okay then the terms of trade between Agriculture and non-

Agriculture with respect to input and form output prices also whatever the things which are used in agriculture and non- agriculture things form inputs those also have to be calculated minimum of 50% margin also used to be have to be there over the cost of production and

What are the implications in case if MSP is used okay it’s implemented then what will be the impact on the consumers that also have to be taken care all these factors have to be taken care by cacp then it has to determine that this can

Be a price of MSP that will be finalized by CCA that is cabinet committee on economic Affairs then what are the objectives a guarantee price I told you to prevent the farmers from distress Sal so these are the advantages of MSP you can see tell me what are the

Advantages income Security will be provided to the farmers we’ll have food security also in case if MSP is guaranteed no farmer will show reluctance to grow any crop which is guaranteed by MSP they’ll go without any Fe fear or favor then what are the other advantages you have if MSP is

Implemented more profits for the farmers buffer stock buffer stock okay buffer stock food security only then what are the advantages yes what are the advantages if MSP is implemented okay good that means crops are not getting divers if I that is one disadvantage but still okay so if you

Are giving MSP for one particular type of thing like millets if you give okay so then automatically more farmers will tilt towards growing of or producing this ulet type of thing right good and what else H middlemen can be eliminated okay so they can have a remunerate fair price

You can see good fair and reasonable prices can be guaranteed then what are disadvantages same thing means it is not allowing crop diversification so MSP means the more people instead even if they have options also they’re going only for MSP crops and yes and H only 22

Props so now you know rice and like especially rice if you see that is very water intensive if you’re giving MSP for such water intensive drops then or Agriculture and Eon like Agriculture and ecosystem also it is getting impacted right in the future we may not have sufficient water to fulfill our needs

Also so again it should be Diversified MSP okay and there is no uniform so in everywhere it is having its differences you can say every area cost of production varies cost of fertilizers vary cost of Labor varies so but if you’re giving uniform MSP again it becomes a difficult task for the forers

Right so these are the things but here what are the crops in covered under MSP means 22 crops are there and one prop you have is f FRP fa and remunerative price for sugar cane we don’t call MSP for sugar cane but fa and remunerative price we call so these are the things

Which you have to remember seven types of cereals you can see party wheat maze bazra J ragi and barley here five types of pulses chadal tural you can say and masal then oil seeds rape seed mustard this is one only the mustard that is why we are using this R mustard in the

Recent times because we are traditionally dependent on Imports for oil seeds Okay so if you increase this GM mustard then we can decrease that import dependency that is one reason stated by the government ground net soy bean sunflower Seas some you have safflower and miger Seed these are the

Things then four commercial crops you have cotton sugar can cpra dried coconut and raw jice these are the four commercial crops total 22 here and 23rd one is sugar cane okay for which this is given so the UPS already have asked on which if this MSP will be

Given then in 2022 a committee was constituted by Union government you know previously in 2020 formers have gone for protest at that time prime minister has repealed or Parliament has repealed better word Parliament has repealed this three form law we have no the same Parliament can enact laws it can repeal

Laws also okay at the time this this committee Pro prime minister has made some promises to the forers that we will look into these issues at the time afterwards they have formed this committee which is headed by Sanjay Agarwal okay who is one of the secretary to the government Sanjay Agarwal

Committee now the dispute is also with this respect to this committee why means although they have referred the issue of MSP to this committee but they did not include the terms of reference of the committee did not include legal backing to the MSP means on what things committee have

To make recommendations okay in those recommendations there is nothing that they have to examine as there whether there should be legal backing to MSP or not that is why forers are asking you have constituted a committee you are saying that MSP will be looked by that committee but as there is no legal

Backing that is what the committee has to refer then how you can ensure that there will be legal backing that is why even the recent protest are also say with respect to the same okay so three things have to be looked one is MSP and zero budget natural forming is another

Issue what the committee will look into and crop diversification okay so like turning to millets instead of seral and all okay in the changing climatic patterns and all it does not include legal guarantee that is why again they have launched their protest okay then we have another important bill that got

Passed in two houses of Parliament is water prevention control of pollution Amendment Bill 2024 it has to get president’s asent okay it is passed by both Lo SAA and rajas saaba so what is the main provision is you have previously Water Act passed in 1974 okay if you have remembered First

Act we have is in with respect to environment what is the First Act we have Wildlife protection act right then Water Act in 1974 we have then Air Act we have 1981 then Environmental Protection act 1986 we have okay in this way biological diversity act many acts were later subsequently

Passed but main act we have is Water Act which was passed in 1974 but what is the main issue is now they have decreased the punishments awarded by 1974 act and they have weakened the provisions of the act that means in the name of development okay so they have made the

Stringent Provisions very lenient in the recent act means government is saying to promote ease of doing business we are doing this but at the same time this may result in increase in the water pollution and other things no now water has become a scarce resource right so

Many countries are facing this issue of water shortage right okay so if you have remembered n yog’s composite Water Management index what did they say almost almost all the main cities of H like including Hyderabad they are going to run out of ground water by 2050 if

The current rate is prevailing means if there is no artificial recharge of this groundw like after rain water harvesting all these things if you don’t do then by 2050 most Indian cities will run out of ground water that is what highlighted by niok composite management Water Management index and if you remembered

In South Africa previously 2 years back or so there is Water emergency also declared at that point of time they have faced severe water shortage so one year we are experiencing fluns one year we are experiencing very difficult situations no in this context if these such laws were brought again weakening

The provisions of already made act then it would worsen the situation okay so this is having very importance in the mains because always even with respect to prelims also you cannot say because environment in environment also they’ll Focus every year on one or two legislations they’ll ask you what is a

Provision and what type of powers they have with respect to central government and state government such statements are asked every year one or two questions are coming from legislations so this year you have to focus on water as the bill got passed in the loab and Raja so

It is getting amended means it is amending this act 1974 Act is getting amended so you can see this is a main act which is responsible for sustainable management of Water Resources so what is the main thing it is addressing certain shortcomings but at the same time regulatory Frameworks are also

Getting compromised we’ll see what are the amendments proposed these are the main things you can remember decriminalization of minor offenses means previously 1974 act there are even minor offenses are also awarded with huge punishments and penalities like minimum 25,000 to 2 lakhs fine and also imprisonment of less than 2 years 3

Years punishments are also given for minor offenses but now new act has decriminalized it decriminalized means those are not any more offenses now okay that means you are making it more lenient for the people who pollute the water or who will misuse these Water Resources this is what one provision

Then exemption is given for certain industrial plants even if they pollute also okay or if they make the water level very in a situation where it cannot be feasible for the human consumption also they have given some exemption this is also one provision that is provide there in the bill which

Was introduced on past then enhanced regulatory oversight they’re saying we are exempting at the same time they said we are enhancing the regulatory oversite so that even water bodies in the water will not get misused or polluted okay in this way they have made some changes so

You just need to remember these three main points from Main’s perspective you can elaborate but what act if you have to remember the same Water Act has created one body called cpcb if you have remembered Central pollution control board right so it was initially created if anyone most of the times will’ll

Think that it was established under Air Act no it was established Under Water Act subsequently it was also enforced by the ACT provisions of air act 1981 okay so cpcb is one statutory body you have right so what is the main purpose of this Water Act is maintaining and

Restoring the wholesomeness of the water and preventing the water pollution so Central and state pollution boards were constituted under Section 3 and four of the ACT respectively it is a statutory body if you have remembered they have asked a statement with respect to ngt and cpcb comparing the bodies they have

Given a statement that one is a statutory body and another is a constitutional body both are statutary bodies only ngt is also a statutary body national green tribunal which was established under national green tribunal act 2010 itself okay what are the acts on which ngt can have power you know national green tribunal

No on what LW they have power ngt good okay Water Act because of this only if you have remembered when this stes Art of Living Foundation when they conducted that on yamuna river banks they have imposed a heavy fine cres of rupees they have imposed Water Act then Air Act then

Then Environmental Protection Act then biological diversity act 2002 then Forest conservation act 1980 then civil nuclear liability act we have no this was passed in 2010 okay so over these six acts we have and most most important thing is it doesn’t have Wildlife protection act under its jurisdiction that is where you

Get trapped ngt doesn’t have jurisdiction over Wildlife protection act 1972 except that major environmental legislations are brought under ngt okay so you know ngt means with respect to environmental issues it is a tribunal okay for SP speedy and faster adjudication of environmental disputes you know ngt runs on a basic princip

Principle of principle of natural Justice and not CPC okay principles of natural Justice is on which this NG runs natural Justice Means what is the principle of natural Justice what is the principle of natural Justice see two main principles will be there part of principles of natural

Justice no one can be a judge in his own case that is first principle second one is a alrum means right to be heard okay so other side of the party also have to be given a chance to be heard without hearing the other side you cannot decide the case so

These are the two fundamental principles in legal language we call it audio Alum partum okay right to be heard from the other side also these two principles are principles of natural Justice okay these are followed by ngt in adjudicating any case right then so you know cpcb is also interested

Later on with Air Act Provisions also combinedly it is enforcing Water Act Air Act both Provisions that is why as it is interested with Air Act Provisions if you have remembered National Air Quality Index okay it was also released by cpcb only so how many are listed under under

Aqi eight pollutants are there yes or no aqi means color coding of pollution for every city you will see in Hindu paper also if you see colored index will be there poor satisfactory good bad if if you have observed paper any time cleanly and clearly then you’ll find it aqi

Index will be given in every city okay so color coding will be given eight pollutants are there what are those eight pollutants PM 2.5 PM 10 lead PB means lead you know no and ozone okay then carbon monoxide you have nitrogen dioxide you have S2 you have and one another thing yes

Okay these are the eight pollutants which are listed by National Air Quality Index based on these eight pollutants it will give the ranking for the cities in a color coded index okay AQA you have to remember then you know it functions under Ministry of environment that is a

Basic thing you know along with this it is enforcing the Water Act Provisions before we go to another topic just let me know what are the ways in which water is getting polluted what are the main sources sea industrial huh then acid acid rain okay H then oil spills okay then

Utation UT tropication that is a phenomenon right Point sources and Nonpoint sources this is what you have to know Point sources means from the direct sources Nonpoint means which you cannot Trace out okay so this is one you basic thing and you know UT tropication is a concept you have to know from

Environment perspective okay UT tropication means when there is enrichment ofri nutrients like nitrogen because of excessive application of fertilizers which contain nitrogen phosphorus and all so there will be algal bloom Okay so that means more alga will Bloom when more alga Bloom what happens that means yes so yes it will

Decrease B when it is decreasing that means less biological oxygen demand is there that means if more and more alga die okay so then oxygen is required by the organisms to decompose no so then more oxygen will be used by them to decompose and less oxygen will be

Available for other marine organisms for their survival so then it will result in dying of Al algal bloom we call okay that is a main factor utopic with respect to water pollution also you have to remember bod higher bod is good or lower bod is good yes a lake should be having less

Bod that means it is less polluted okay bod Cod difference biological oxygen demand is with respect to organ matter okay Cod means it includes organic and inorganic both chemical oxygen demand we call right do remember these things then what is this yes okay drone UAV okay the topic we are going to

Discuss is high altitude sud satellite why because India recently under csir there is one research agency with respect to space they have tested that is n National Aerospace limited this is only R&D we have in Aerospace R&D means you know research and developing organization which is under

Csir okay so with respect to Aerospace so they have first time tested this unmanned vehicle you know unmanned vehicle means there won’t be any pilot okay aial vehicle means which will fly so that is what U again I use English only so high altitude means it will fly at a higher

Heights okay sudo means it appears like a satellite but it is not a satellite okay so it generally appears like a satellite it will function like a satellite but it is not a typical satellite that is one thing so why it is very important and why I have chosen to

Include this is as India has successfully tested this okay if everything goes well India will become the fifth country and okay only to four countries they have till date this technology in terms of pseudo satellites okay so what are those countries us UK China South Korea okay these are the

Countries which already have demonstrated this technology of pseudo satellites high altitude satellite okay so India is going to become the fifth country so in these type of things if we became the first time or if we test upsc always will focus on these areas right that is why have included this so from

Where it has test studies from Karnataka okay you need you need not remember the name but just remember the state okay from there we have tested and do remember csir you know this is headed by whom who will be the head of csir department chair person or chairman every who will chair csir

What is CS Council Council for scientific scientific research in India yes CS right so it will be headed by prime minister okay under which you have so many R&D organizations different domains like if you remember near we have and e r this is with respect to Energy

Efficiency and you have this n is only responsible for green crackers recently India is really using this green crackers no Diwali time you know Green crackers we are using so that is also developed by this n which is under csro that is one of the R&D organization okay like this particular

Agency we have some other R&D organizations but here we are confined to this Aerospace laboratory so what is the main thing is so you know main problem is we are having unmined vehicles no that is not at a higher height they flow generally they fly at a

Very lower height only but we have satellites which are at the very higher level but in between this distance if we want to cover any area then we don’t have anything which is functioning in this domain that is why we have tested this high altitude pseudo satellites

Normally you know aeroplanes will fly in the stratosphere right okay but you know these type of satellites generally will be there in the exosphere you know that layers of atmosphere right troposphere Stratosphere thermosphere mesosphere thermosphere and exosphere these are the five layers of atmosphere we have so in troposphere

Only we have this all atmospheric phenomenon happen and that also supporting our biological life Above This you who don’t have this support of biological phenomenon stratosphere is where you have ozone and it is where the flights will fly yes or no Stratosphere then you have mesosphere mesosphere is

Where the meteorites when they burn that is where from they come on okay meteorites so in mesosphere we have this so in troposphere and mesosphere the temperature decreases with height but in Stratosphere temperature increases with height okay this is what happens in Stratosphere troposphere Stratosphere mosphere I

Discussed no I said the same thing okay then you have troposphere then we have thermosphere thermosphere also consists of an ionosphere layer you know radioactive ions will be there there and you have exosphere and another thing is in mesosphere only we have this international space satellite you have

No ISS you have so ISS will be located in lowest orbit no that is in mesosphere range we have okay so then we have exosphere know that is where space actually starts and most of the satellites will be placed in exosphere okay so that means in between this range

We don’t have okay that is why we have demonstrated this technology so that we can place them between the satellites and uavs this range is this area is unexplored because of lack of technological demonstration so now we can place these type of satellites here here we have satellites here we have

Uavs so in this region we can cover these things same purpose of satellites whatever they do like weather forecasting helps in disaster management communication security related purposes everything only they also do the same thing but they’re covering a different range okay normally they will be placed at altitude of 20 kilometers from the

Surface of the Earth okay that is a basic thing you need to know and these are solar powered so they’ll get energy from the solar energy only so they don’t take much cost for satellite launch also because they’re directly in the form of Aeroplane or unmined aerial Vehicles

Only no so low cost also will be incurred when we are launching this type of satellites okay this is all the advantage you have so potential applications you can see this is one 20 km range aircraft only very very long duration flights they can stay in the stratosphere and all for almost months

Also they can stay okay that is one advantage which is offered by this type of satellites you can see the benefits it is solar powered and the missing link between uavs and also conventional satellites this particular area will be covered by by these type of satellites applications you can see

Telecommunications emergency and Public Safety Communications intelligent mean border areas also you can keep a surveillance using this and Maritime surveillance also will be one advantage okay in this way this is offering the solutions it can be in the form of Aeroplane Airship and balloon also it

Need not be in the form of Aeroplane only it can be in any form and it is solar powered vehicle okay do remember these FES clear again a area where prelims question can be asked environmental monitoring land border control applications compared to groundbased they can cover larger areas

With less interference okay from a larger area they can cover easily helping data transfer easily and also the cost will be very less and they don’t require launching Vehicles every time like satellites because of which the cost to launch them is very less okay economically also it is viable for us clear any

Doubts then with respect to India what is the significance is Hindustan Aeron limited you know that is H there in Hyderabad itself if you have remembered okay there is H so here it is testing this futuristic technology in coll oration with a startup company so it can provide this surveillance over land

Boundary of 15,000 km and Coastline of 7,500 kilometers if you have this technology efficient B border patrolling trafficking movements and all these things also can be checked using this satellite okay this is Advantage we have so high definition cameras are there round clock surveillance all these are

The advantages which they offer to us okay in case if they are implemented then uaba okay the recent situation so many activists okay or who are jailed under uapa they have filed applications before supreme court because uapa is a specific law which is different from the general law because

In general criminal law what will be the consideration means they’ll consider bail is the rule and jail is the exception okay that means most of the criminal laws will consider that bail should be given that as a rule okay means unless until it is a non bail able

Offense only but most of the situations they’ll consider it as a rule jail is an exception that is what the principle of General criminal law but in uapa it is a specific law okay so which is altering this provision see U jail is an exception sorry jail is the rule bail is an

Exception in this way it is differing with the general criminal law that is why Supreme Court in uapa charged cases okay you cannot just give bail immediately okay after Prim of examining the evidences that there is no involvement of the person then only it will be granted so

Here the general criminal law principle is getting deferred that is why in most of the uapa cases and arrest okay generally bail will not be given easily this is what they are asking from the Supreme Court okay so many activists have asked asked for granting bail and

You know subsequently this uapa so much it was also in news here with respect to kistan also one person who was arrested okay he was denied bail by Supreme Court in the process of asking this bail so you know this was brought in 1967 okay so you know in 1967 why this was

Brought what is happening at the point of time yes again this this UAP is mainly brought at the time because they’re asking for kistan and all in that time National integration commission okay they have recommended that there should be a separate law brought and 16th Amendment to the Constitution okay they

Said that there should be some amendment to Article 19 Clause 2 what is 19 Clause 2 which is imposing reasonable restrictions on freedoms which are provided under 19 no yes or no okay so on those grounds if there is any breach of sovereignty and integrity of India

Then a person can also be sentenced to imprisonment under this UAP that is what this 16th amendment has recommended through amending this article provisions of 19 Clause 2 okay so what is uapa unlawful activities prevention act okay so this is a primary law with respect to Terror in

India okay that means in if any person is involving in Terror or terrorist related activities he can be jailed under this Pro provisions of uapa so one main thing is you should know the applicability applicability means it is not even only applicable to Indians Indian officers who are stationed abroad

Also in the capacity of government of India they also are applicable under this act and even foreign Nationals are also applied under this uapa means if any foreign National has committed at that time also you can sentence them punishment with this uapa okay this is the first applicability you should know

Then subsequently there were amendments passed in 2003 we have an amendment then what did we do is we started act we started adding one provision that if any person committed any terrorist act okay until then there is no provision of adding this terrorist act means if any

Person resorted to any Act of Terror then that person can also be jailed okay that is one provision we added in 2003 Amendment and we placed a ban on organizations if they resort to any Terror practices and that b was only limited to 2 years in the beginning 2003

Amendment subsequently in 2014 we extended this ban to 5 years okay if a ban is imposed in an organization which is supporting Terror acts it can be banned for 5 years in functioning okay that is one provision we made in 2014 but you know again in 2019 it was more

Strengthened right yes or no what is the reason is because till previously we have in 1966 only Terror organizations can be designated by the central government that they’re promoting Terror but there is no provision of designating any individual person as a terrorist like who is sponsoring Terror as the

Person bed under uapa so in 2019 Amendment only first major change we made is we started labeling individuals also as sponsoring Terror organizations in case and we are also like we can sentence them to the punishments under uapa that means we have included the provision of individual designation also

Previously we have only organizations that can be designated and second provision we made is you know what is a terror organization in India we have anti-terror organization ni right National investigation agency right so this ni is having the powers and it it should frame the charge sheet within 90 days only

Okay from the date of occurrence of the particular crime within 90 days they have to file maximum 180 180 days time will be given that is one provision that means we have kept timeline also because these type of cases involve lot of sensitivity you know so they should not

Get postpone and there should not be delay that is one provision added in 19 then director general of this Nia he can ask for like he can issue orders for search and seizure of any property in case if it is associated with Terror okay then he can issue some orders and

He can even give powers to search and seize the property ALS that was also added under 2019 Amendment okay so here what is the most thing you have to to remember is uapa criticized most of the reasons because it has given absolute power with the central government only

That is the main reason for criticism so most of the powers are given only for the central government okay and in the recent times you know this uapa although there are so many cases getting filed under uapa but the conviction is very low in terms of uapa that is why so many

People are criticizing that whoever doesn’t like the like whoever are challenging the government or who are criticizing the government getting sentenced under uapa that is one criticism that this is facing in the recent times okay in this way you have to know this is different because here

Jail is the rule bail is the exception but in normal cases bail is the rule jail is the exception okay in this way it is a specific criminal law right okay here you can see it is outlying and penalizing unlawful and terrorist activities what are the activities on

Which they can be punished means aiding and abating terrorists and you can see funding terrorism inciting and anti-national feelings among the masses so anything which you cause which is impacting sovereignty and integrity of India then you can be sentenced under uapa okay then key Provisions as I told

You wide ranging Powers with the central government so previously 1967 only organizations can be designated as terrorist organizations 19 amendment made even individuals also can be demarcated as organizations terrorist organizations applicability I told you both Indians Outside Inside India and foreign nations are also applicable and

I told you timeline maximum 180 days but within 90 days investigation has to be completed okay charge sheet means 180 days special codes can also be formed with respect to uapa cases and you can see 2019 Amendment as I told you it has been amended in 2004 18 13 19 19

Amendment is recent and most important it has increased its scope you can see here so what is the scope I told you even including this individuals as terrorists on the same grounds and and approval of search and seizure I told you director General can order for search and seizure insertion of some

Schedule of treaties so in case if you are doing these acts anything related to these things like taking persons as hostage or smuggling related things okay all these things will be designated as terrorist acts okay they have widened the scope of terrorist acts and even if

You know not only the things but any economic offenses for example smuggling counterfeit currency all these things are also considered as terrorist acts only okay under this new 2019 Amendment and section 43d of this uapa is saying granting of bail is virtually impossible under uapa that is why bail is most of

The times denied under uapa for most of the people who are sentenced okay but what is a main thing is primer should be there primer means on the face of view of the particular case it should appear that that person has to be granted bail

Okay then only they can be given so you can see Union of India versus K Nazi case in 2021 where Supreme Court said granting of bail under uapa when the accused has undergone in incarceration is a significant period that means only when that is proven that a person has

Undergone for long without any valid reasons then only a bail can be given that is what Supreme Court has opened bail under UAP was an exception jail is the rule okay then we are going to discuss about prelims topics hardly 10 minutes to just wait okay so conservation of migratory

Spes so this is one environmental convention we have that is Bond convention if you have remembered okay so migratory spaces means they migrate from one place to another place when there is a change in weather pattern right okay so during Winters to to escape the extreme Winters they migrate

From one place to another place like you have Central Asian Flyway which is passing through India like the East Asian Flyway Africa Asia Flyway like this we have some things know so this is one country convention which is also called Bor convention which is dealing with migratory spaces okay and in terms

Of environment this is having its unique place because this is the only environmental treaty which is covering all types of terrestrial aial avien spes terrestrial means Land Based aial air Avan means in water also okay so all these spaces are covered under this you know because for

Aquatic aquatic for example if you have remembered Olive really turtles are there no so those are not native to India no okay so they are coming all the way from Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the breeding here even in aquatic also they migrate from one place to place for

Breeding grounds or some other reasons okay so in this way these are the migrat spes which are covered under this Bond convention and you can see 14th cop Conference of parties to this convention is going to be held in usbekistan from 12th to 17th February okay this is one

Recent thing which is happening in Samaran you have you remember 2022 SEO Summit also happened in Samaran okay in usbekistan so you have to know this is another name is Bond convention it was signed under the ages of UNP you know un is the environmental division of United Nations and when was it

Formed it was formed in the same year 1972 where Stockholm Conference was held for the first time un conference on human and development in the same year same conference un EP was born and we also decided that 5th June will be celebrated as environmental day these are the two main outcomes apart from

Environmental things okay so un will give a major award is called what is it called major award given by unep for best conservation of environment which even our prime minister has won Champions of Earth award okay our prime minister also was given with this a awarded with this award and

If you have seen in the recent times one woman from India Pima Davi bman okay so she was also awarded with this champions of Earth Award right then so here you can see this is with respect to conservation sustainable use of migratory animals as well as their habitat this is headquartered in BN

Germany it was signed in 1979 so only Global and UN based intergovernmental organ El treaty exclusively covering I told you terrestrial Aquatic and avian spaces two appendices on there one is dealing with migratory spaces and second is dealing with unfavorable conservation status okay in case if anything is not

Okay for example because so in one place it may have one status in conservation that is in terms of I in one country it can be designated as critically endangered but if it is coming here and breeding here there may be high population here no so because of this

This there can be differences in conservation status at that time it will be dealt under appendix 2 okay this is one provision then we have PM Swan okay so this is one government scheme which was recently introduced in the wake of covid-19 right for Street vendors yes or

No Street vendors when because of covid-19 and they have lost their employment rate at the time how much 10,000 rupees will be provided as collateral free loan collateral means you know a guarantee or security which you have to show okay to get a loan so without any collateral you will be given

10,000 rupees for Street vendors okay so why this is recently news is because so they have so recently they have collected the data and they have observed how many beneficiaries are getting in is it the scheme actually benefiting the persons or not so it was launched in 2020 you have to remember

The ministry as I told you Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs okay and it is a micro credit facility you have to remember collateral free loan here they can trap you and with low rates of Interest it is not interest free mostly below 12% will be charged for one year

Period and what is the long-term objective to improve the credit score of the vendor and you can see digital record also will be maintained okay how many persons and what is the social economic status of the vendors we can know in this way they can get formalized you

Know because Street vendors are informal economy know so in that way if they take loans and all we may know how many persons are there in the inform sector and they can have formalized data the need for the scheme is they should not go to the money lenders or private

Lenders okay we have to increase more institutional mechanism so Financial inclusion you can say covid-19 in the wake of covid-19 to support them economically this was released so all vendors who are having a certificate of vending they are eligible under this not everyone okay so the certificate of

Vending is given by this act Street Wenders act 2014 where there will be some persons Town wending committees will be there authorities and vendors will be there from that area they’ll issue the certificate of vending who have the certificate they’re eligible to get the benefits of PM fidi okay then we

Have section 125 of crpc so you know this is famous because of shabanu case right so we have the shanu case in the recent context of uniform civil code also this case is famous right see section 125 of crpc is giving maintenance rights to the concerned person okay who are entitled to

Maintenance means wife children parents of the person okay means here what happens is there are some conditions also who can get and who cannot get okay so main thing is the every religious law for example Hindu marage act you have so section 24 of Hindu Marriage Act has a

Provision for maintenance at the same time we have a separate act also which is called Hindu adoption and maintenance act Hama act we call that is another act we have for Hindu law in terms of M maintenance we have special Marriage Act no section 36 of special Marriage Act it

Also deals with this provision of Maintenance but what happens is even though if we have these many provisions and in sharat law or Muslim law also we have a provision of Maintenance where a Muslim men has to give maintenance for diversed wife in only for 3 months

Period that we call as idat period okay idat period means the three menstrual cycles of the women okay so when she under go three menstrual Cycles till that period only he has to pay her maintenance that is what mainly challenged in shano ISE what is the reason is that woman was divorced after

40 years of marriage shabanu okay by her husband then he said only for that period that is three menstrual cycles only she’s entitled to maintenance you know after 40 years of marriage if only for three months if you give maintenance that is only for 90 days okay so that is

Not sufficient that is what she went to the Supreme Court saying that okay at that time Supreme Court Court said under section 125 of crpc that woman is entitled to maintenance not only to 90 days but it should be more so mean whether it is unlimited or not means

Again there is some condition there okay in case that person if he gets second marriage okay then she cannot get more than that particular period that means a diversed wife until that husband gets remarried till then she can get maintenance that is one observation made by the Supreme Court and second

Provision is for example if that woman has diversed on the mutual grounds then she’s not entitled to maintenance and another provision is for example if the men is not having Financial affordability to give maintenance then what is the situation right so then also Supreme Court said it is the absolute

Right of the wom to claim maintenance even if the men is unemployed because on this ground most of the people they’re saying that we are getting like we are unemployed so I cannot claim maintenance I cannot pay maintenance okay so they just to avoid maintenance they can say

That I’m unemployed now and they’re losing their even they’re leing their jobs also so this is what observed in the trend that is why Supreme Court said this is absolute right even if he is unemployed he has to pay maintenance but that maintenance proportion the amount will be determined based on that

Financial ability of that person it is not uniform okay they’ll assertain the position of the person income and everything then they’ll determine the maintenance so whether the woman only entitled means wife is entitled children or entitled parents are also entitled so parents means the mother’s side sorry the Father’s Side okay the diverse

Person side so their parents that mean boys parents are also entitled and the children means here the Supreme Court said whether it is a legitimate children or illegitimate children both because Supreme Court already said a statement that even of out of a illegal relationship also the children born or

Considered as legitimate because they don’t have anything with this illegitimacy know so every child will be considered as legitimate only that is what Supreme Court said so here you have to remember whether illegitimate or legitimate children also have their right to maintenance until unless they have their own earning abilities means

Of a certain age and if after a certain age also if they’re suffering from any medical issues then also that father has to pay maintenance to the children okay in this way there is a thing but at the time when Supreme Court said no Shaban was entitled under section 125 of crpc

Then Rajiv Gandhi government has brought a law because that time huge protest started because this is a clear intervention in religious laws because we don’t have a uniform civil code no so Muslims started raising protest saying that this is a intervention by Supreme Court in religious domain so we are not

Accepting at that time Rajiv Gandhi government has enacted a law called Muslim rights Muslim women protection of Rights Act in 1986 reversing the Judgment of the Supreme Court said that only for 90 days period maintenance can be paid okay that was done as a political stunt

Again at that time so when this happened now the issue is the same so many times the maintenance is the same so here also recently Supreme Court okay so it agreed to examine whether a diverse Muslim woman can claim maintenance or not most important things you have to remember is

Maintenance of these three things okay wives children and parents both are there financial support has to be provided from the husband’s side so who can claim as I told you wife should show okay is not random that every wife has to be given but they have to show that

I’m unable to maintain myself means if she’s unemployed and she cannot maintain her life livelihood at that time only she can be granted maintenance then you can see legitimate or legitimate children as I told you then parents also you can see equally be by son and daughter both mother and father and by

Son and daughter okay they have to be maintained so adoptive mother and this adoptive father they also will be included under this Ambit of Maintenance this is one interesting thing and what are the conditions that has to be met means the person should refuse that I am

Not going to pay maintenance then only they can approach to the codes Under the section 125 of crpc okay initially they should neglect or refuse to pay maintenance dependency is one that means they must establish that they are enable enable to earn themselves or enable to maintain themselves then you can see

Sufficient means also should be provided so that person whoever is have to pay this maintenance that they that person also have to show okay what are the means through which he is earning and all Quantum of Maintenance Court will determine it is not equal okay how much

Should be paid and the capacity it will be depending on the capacity and in a reasonable and fair amount this is one you have to remember duration it can be given monthly basis temporary or permanent okay until unless the Court decides so enforcement as I told you it

Doesn’t comply with the Court’s order then he can be sentenced to jail also default of May face legal consequences okay in case if you fail to provide maintenance but one main thing is wife cannot claim maintenance under three situations if she is living in adultery you know what is adultery right okay if

A married man has relationship with another woman who is not his wife okay then we call it as adultery this is under Section 497 of IPC which was initially criminalized but later decriminalized by Supreme Court okay it is no more an AFF it was decriminalized on two grounds because it is not gender

Neutral you know what is adultery right you don’t know no or okay fine so here consider a b c d okay these are two couples these are two couples right here female you have this is male female and male okay so main provision is in case if these two get into relationship okay

B and C these are not married to each other but they got into Rel relationship then you know this woman cannot file a case against this woman okay so under the grounds of adulty that she’s having extramarital relationship with my husband but this men can have or can

File a case against this man saying that he is having extramarital relationship with this wife my wife okay so this is one provision that is there under adultery so as this woman is not empowered and this man is empowered so it is one law which is not gender

Neutral okay and second observation made by Supreme Court is here the consent of the woman is there that means husband is treating her wife his wife as his own okay that means his this particular woman’s individual autonomy to body and all these things are not considered that

Is what Supreme Court said so as she’s going consensual okay this is not an offense on these two grounds Supreme Court has made it decriminalized okay section 497 so when it is adultery means when this wife who is claiming maintenance if she is in extramarital relationship then she cannot ask for

Maintenance from the husband then if she refus to live with the husband without any reason okay if she is only started separating and she is living separately without any valid reason then also she cannot claim maintenance and they are living separately by Mutual consent okay so if they have resorted to Mutual

Diverse okay then then also in these three situations she cannot claim maintenance from the husband yes then we have another concept called biodiversity Heritage sites even if you want to leave also I don’t leave you because sir has give me full Freedom he asked me till even I can extend my

Class till 2:00 but I’m not extending I’ll complete in a while okay so today as you don’t have any another class immediately so you’ll have your lunch break between 2 and 3: okay don’t worry what you have to write a test Okay so you have biodiversity heritage site recently odisa government

Has designated one place as its fourth biodiversity heritage site so what is this biodiversity heritage site means a place where there will be rich biodiversity okay which is having Rich endemic species native species or you can say Keystone spaces and there is spaces richness in these type of

Criteria we can designate as one place as biodiversity heritage site that means you can better conserve the biodiversity there so under which act it is having its pass means biodiversity Act of 2002 this was signed and this was intern like nationally drafted because of CBD you know under CBD convention on

Biological diversity when we have signed this in 1992 India has to ratify that in the parliament of India right that is why under article 267 if you have remembered okay so International laws have to be ratified in the parliament to give effect in the domestic level so under the same capacity under

Biodiversity Act 2002 this biodiversity Heritage sites were declared okay so you have to remember orisa’s government fourth biodiversity site how many biodiversity sites are there in India means 36 are already there in different states for example if you have remembered majuli Island have you known about it majuli

Island the only riverine Island in India it is created by brahmaputra river majuli it is only the district Assam riverine District you have no okay in Island means Island created by river brahmaputra river okay that is also a biodiversity Heritage CER for example I’m giving you and in Telangana only one

Biodiversity heritage site is there that is aminpur Lake you know aminpur Lake where it is located sari District you have okay only one biodiversity heritage site from telengana and one important thing is why I’m discussing with respect to Telangana is it is the only first water body which is designated as biodiversity heritage

Site first water body to be recognized as biodiversity heritage site in India meur Lake and also first one to be recognized in urban area yes aminur because of these two specialities aminur lake is also important as you belong to Telangana and we are deciding here just I’m giving you this

Information okay so in where in what type of areas means ecologically frag ecosystems this will be designated species richness endemism and also rare endemic species keystone species you know okay I told you already what is Keystone so Keystone means supporting pillar type of thing for that ecosystem

So the same thing so who can declare mean state government in official Gaz they can notify in consultation with local bodies okay to conserve this biodiversity state governments are even empowered to frame schemes for conservation they can consult with the central government to frame the rules

How they can be managed with respect to to this means this is very important area where questions can be asked it is the state government who is empowered to designate an area as biodiversity heritage site so what is the importance is better conservation and in case of

Any loss of biodiversity also we can restrict the human presence then we can conserve so then you have retail inflation so this concept you know why it isn’t news because For the First Time in the recent 3 years 3 months you can see retail inflation that is CPI

Inflation has reached a low of almost 5 .1% recently okay so you should know what is inflation inflation means increase in prices right so what is deflation then reduction in prices what is disinflation then very good when the inflation is going at a slow rate that you call

Disinflation okay inflation is there but it is continuing at a slow growth rate then you call disinflation okay so these are the things you need to know so inflation in India we have in two terms two indexes we have no WPI and CPI so this is what is

WPI wholesale price index and Consumer Price Index wholesale means at the wholesale level that means at the first production stage only if you are measuring the change in price level that you call WPI but when you’re con like when you’re counting the inflation or price rise at the consumer level the

Final level where you consume okay that is what CPI we have okay so now previously we used to take this WPI into consideration but now we considering CPI as the basic thing okay so in monitoring the inflation so RBI will be considering CPI based inflation only when it is

Targeting the monetary policy through monetary policy right so here you have to know retail inflation means it is also called CPA retail inflation of CPI same so it is based on fixed basket of goods and services for this you have to know what are the differences between

WPI and CPI so it is BAS it is calculated only for goods here goods and services both will be considered under CP a wholesale level consumer level okay first level and second level this is with respect to Bas year 201 112 this is base year 2012 okay this is released

By yes department for promotion of internal trade and international sorry internal trade also and we have under Ministry of Commerce okay this is Ministry of Commerce this is under NSO National statistical organization under MOS Ministry of statistics and program implementation okay so this is a basic

Thing you have to know so under the CPI inflation only we have have kept a Target that RBI 2 plus or minus 4% means 2 to 6% range only it should be there that is what inflation targeted by RBA okay so this is the basic thing you need to

Know so CPA what does it tell you the cost of living the purchasing power expensive of articles in relation to others and value of the indan rupee okay so if there is more inflation then a rupe will be very strong or weak weak no okay so too much inflation

Is not good and very low inflation is also not good it should be an ideal way that is 2 to 6% what observed by RBA okay so it was even extended this target of you know 2016 we have this monetary policy no from this to 21 we have kept

This target for 5 years 2 plus or 4 minus this plus or minus 4% this was even extended till 2026 means till 2026 we’ll have this same 2 plus or minus 4% targeted inflation only by RBI okay means it should be not less than 2% not

More than 6% in that range it should be there inflation to be good for the economy okay in CP yes plus or minus means 4 – 2 2% 4 + 2 6% okay so anyway two plus or negative but still we write 2 plus or minus 4% okay so that is

The one basic thing you need to know and in CPA we have different types of inflations again CPA Urban CPA rural you have CPA combined CPA combined is taken for monetary policy consideration and apart from this we have CPA agriculture labor rural labor we have and CPA for industrial workers also

These two are released by Labor Bureau under ministry of labor and employment and first two CPI rural and urban these will be taken care by combined will be taken care by NSO okay this is one basic thing you need to know as I told you Bas year is 2012 CS

NSO will take care about this and combined okay so combined inflation will be taken so this is what you have to know inflation targeting price stability and deflator okay value of salaries wages pensions everything will be Det determine based on the level of CPI inflation only then kalsa banduri

Project is one thing which is in news okay this is a dispute between Karnataka and Goa okay so why this is in news because kalsa and banduri these are the tributaries of mandovi river you know mandovi river mahadayi river we call no mahadayi or mandovi river this is in Goa

Okay so this is so they wanted to divert the water from this River to Karnataka so Karnataka to fulfill its drinking water demands because Karnataka is a state with very less water water scarce State okay so to fulfill its demands it wants the water from GOA that is that

Should be diverted from mahadayi River or Mondovi River but will Goa agree no so again this is a dispute already proposed but it is again a dispute now why this is a news because recently national board for wildlife okay this is again a statutory body constituted under under Wildlife protection act

1972 okay for what purposes if there is any diversion or if you want to change boundaries of any national park mlife sanctury you have to get approval from national board for wildlife it is headed by the prime minister of India not the ministry of environment okay do remember this

National board for wildlife has to give permissions if has to be diverted any area of national park or wildlife entry has to be diverted okay they didn’t give approval for diverting the forest land from this Cali and sahyadri tiger reserves these are two in kataka from this particular project for diverting

This they didn’t allow okay so again you have to remember when you’re coming across Wildlife protection act what are all the bodies constituted under it national board for wildlife we have seen I told you previously National Tiger conservation Authority we have discussed and there is another body also

Constituted what is it under the wildlife protection act yes what is another statutory body constituted under Wildlife protection act yes no G no you’re not strong in the environment no that is what I observed for everything which I ask in environment you don’t answer okay but you should make them as

Strong areas right Focus as you’re appearing for 2024 you should focus check that also as part of homework what are all statutory bodies constituted under Wildlife predic these are the easy areas where you have to score don’t ignore then this project involves construction of of dams and canals to

Divert the water from mahadayi River or mandovi river which is based in Goa to the Mal praba River you know Mal praba is the tributary of which river Krishna River Okay g praba Mal praba these are the two tributaries of Krishna River you have musi river which is a tributary

Of hyra musi is a tribut of what which river Moi is a tribut of which river Krishna only no no in confusion here itself you have Moi huh where is Krishna R having its origin mahabaleswar or triar mahabaleswar in Maharashtra right go through this tributaries also very important easy areas if you leave I cannot help then drinking water is the

Main thing which is asked by Karnataka to for this project okay so this has already created a dispute between Karnataka Goa and Maharashtra because Riner system okay again so these two kalsa and banduri these two are the tributaries of mahadayi river or mandovi river okay then you can see origin this River

Mov river is having its origins in Western GS in Karnataka you can see travels 35 km in Karnataka 82 km in Goa and it meets Arabian Sea that means it is a West flowing river okay it meets Arabian Sea at panagi cap of Goa it is

Also called Mando in Goa mahad in and it is rainfed River okay so mostly Southwest Monsoon is feeding this River and Sal Mali bird sanctu is there in this particular and you can see here these are the tributaries no need to remember everything just remember this

Kala and banduri because it is in news okay next topic is Supreme Court Collision why it is in news because recently Supreme Court has squashed an order given by Andra Pradesh High Court ex chief justice you can say previously when they were chief justice they made a statement that they were

Transferred only on the recommendations or like because they have given a verdict against the chief minister of Andra Pradesh they were transferred so they have given an epic order cancelling this uh Supreme Court’s collegiums recommendations in that context this is a news so you have to know quickly you

Know there is no mention about collegium in the constitution of India right so this is a Judicial invention with respect to appointments and transfers of judges in Supreme Court and high court okay so how we have this is because in article 124 and 217 of Indian constitution they said appointment of

Judges will be done by the president of India but there is no clear mention on what grounds it will be done so it has resulted in some disputes you know three judges case we have this collegium system right first judges case we call SP Gupta versus Union of India case

Where this supreme Court what did it observe is the president is to going is appointing the judges but he has to take the advice of the Chief Justice of India means consultation or concurrence it revolves around these two words only first judges case they said they have to

Consult consult means they can ask your opinion but that opinion if it is not mandatory on this person then it is not the case that is what observed in that means consultation can be done with the CJ in case of appointment in second judge’s case this system was born okay

They said consultation not only means just Consulting but concurrence also should be there means whatever the advice that is given by Chief Justice that has to be followed by the president of India in appointing the judges to Supreme Court and high court second judges case we have collegium but

Collegium means what again they have defined that Chief Justice of India along with two senior most Supreme Court judges he will determine who have to be recommended to the Supreme Court and high courts only 1 plus two is in second judges case in third judges case they

Expanded this collegium to 1 plus four senior most judges what is that we have practicing in the recent times okay in this way we have three judges case and you have four judges case also you know where this njsc was quashed by the Supreme Court that is fourth judges case

But you know that was totally canceled off by the Supreme Court no because of EX Executives interference in the Judiciary as it is saying that it is violation of independence of judici it was nullified by the Supreme Court so three judges case you have to know with

Respect to collegium two words are very important consultation and concurrence in first judges case only consultation second and third is said consultation means concurrence okay in in what situations they have to be consulted means accept CJ’s appointment because whoever is a senior most among the judges he’ll become the CJ accept CJ’s

Appointment in all other judges appointment CJ has to consult his collegium 1+4 and in appointing the judges and transferring judges of high court judges also this system has to be followed that is what Supreme Court has given okay it is not mentioned in the constitution is where you have to focus

Upon as I have given here you can see this PDF will be shared first judges case 1982 second judges case this is Advocates on record versus Supreme Court this case second case where they said consultation means concurrence okay this is what second is expanded to CJ must

Consult and it should be in writing for example out of 1+ 4 okay in case if they deviate okay then majority view will be taken and if more than two judges object to that recommendation then CJ should not recommend that to the government among the five 1+ 4 if more than two

Persons are not happy with recommendation what is proposed that this person has to be appointed or transferred then that has that should not be recommended to the government okay what is the role of executive in this system means after Judiciary sending the names that this person has

To be elevated to Supreme Court or transferred to the high court or appointed then executive just has a role it can just okay ask the Supreme Court again to re examine or reconsider but if second time it is asked again same name is redated by Supreme Court means

Government has to finalize that name it has to follow then another thing is only intelligence Bureau will examine the particular records of that person that’s it that is the only role of the executive in this process of appointment okay this is what already there here you can

See Executives role I told you already okay the same thing is that you can read after the class then we have Swami D sarasti why I have mentioned is recently his 200th birth anniversary was celebrated so when these things happen 100 200 anniversaries or if some specific event happened then you should

Focus in terms of History they can ask any related question to this person so you know he is also called what is his actual name danan sarasti yes what is his actual name he’s associated with which organization Arya okay established in 1875 in lore okay later he shifted to

Mumbai okay so here born in Gujarat and he’s a social reformer you know responsible for this sya Sam mainly what are the things he said is idolator rejection ritualism he didn’t focus on idolator worship and ritualism should the M you know okay again converting the those who have converted into Hinduism

Go back to Vedas because he considers these Vedas as authentic source and invaluable then women’s rights are also advocated then you can see ban on child marriage and all in this also you can quote in the recent context we increasing the age so educational reforms you know D angc schools da

Schools were established and literary work is satad prash this is a book he authored okay along with VAB Basha bumika and VAB Basha so you know this Arya Patria is also edited by him which is reflecting his thoughts this is the information about him then we have pradan suar mu b y okay

You know this is also in lines of pradan sua only this scheme is launched mainly to provide 300 unit free electricity power to in like every month to 1 CR households okay to save the current bill and all so almost 75,000 crores is the investment you just remember this number

Also because they can change it so heavily concessional bank loans will be given and in National Online portal will be linked so that the persons can get so rooftop you can generate your own electricity save your current bill and you can sell off the extra thing so that

More income less power bills and income employment generation also happens this is is one the main thing implemented by Ministry of un renewable energy okay last thing is you just have to remember okay almost this free electricity supplying the and also in terms of this electric vehicles also you

Need not go to the points you can charge your own vehicles at your home only entrepreneurship will be there employment for the Youth and skill upgradation also happens these are the benefits of the scheme okay so we have last thing just I just want to mention there is no explanation because this

Kaju is designated as a state fruit for the state of Assam so when these type of things happen upsc can just ask you okay this is a GI tagged fruit lemon only a specific variant in Assam it was named as it state fruit okay previously UPS has this trend of asking state butterfly

Recently which state has okay so you should know the name of this okay Kaji name means it is a g tagged fruit from Assam which is named as it state fruit okay this is so just a basic information clear any doubts you have no Doubts

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