Introduction history is like a great River rolling down Through the Ages its surface presents a story of dates battles and treaties Kings presidents and Generals the official story that you are taught at school but much remains hidden from view the murky depths that conceal history true movers and shakers
The deceit and betrayal the veil currents of secret diplomacy and dark conspiracy that guide the course of events this is the secret story of the past exposed to the light in secret history hidden forces that shape the past secret history shows how hidden forces have always shaped the true
Course of history from the mystery Cults of the ancient world to the clandestine societies of revolutionary Europe from the nass and secret Services of the th Century to the sprawling espan empires of the Cold War from The Lone Genius of Ares to the vast military industry complex of the Manhattan Project who
Were the powers behind the Thrones how many battles were decided before sword was drawn or shot ever fired to what extent are great moments in history scripted and Stage managed by actors who never take the stage secret history the role of History has always been to help us understand the present and think
Intelligently about the future today as much as at any time in the past the true forces that shape the course of events are hidden do countries go to war for the stated moral and political reasons or to fulfill secret Nexus of Economic and strategic goals what are the real
Relationships between America and the repressive regimes it counts as allies in the war on terror to what extent are Western democracies actually controlled by big business and special interests perhaps a future historian will be able to answer these questions definitively for now we must look to the lessons of
The past to give us clues about the present that’s what this book aims to provide episodes and incidents from history that shed light on the role of hidden forces in shaping that history perhaps they can shed a little light on the history that is being made today conspiracies secret societies and
Cults the conspiracy theory of History has definite entertainment appeal and generally makes for more exciting reading than the usual ly of economic forces social trends and political movements that constitutes the mainstream version but this appeal and the manifold excesses of the conspiracy movement k b status as real history this
Chapter presents a range of historical case studies incidents and episodes that illustrate the influence of The Hidden Hand of conspiracies Cults and secret societies in Real History given that the subjects are clandestine inevitably there is some speculation but none of it is unfounded the topics covered range from the exercise of cultural influence
Through a secret society in ancient times the mystery religions of ancient Greece to the complex web of mainly right-wing par politics that has directed so much of post-war history the chapter closes with a look at the uses of myth and conspiracy which demonstrates how groups and governments throughout history have used and abused
Stories about secret plots and plotters for their own ends asterisk secret history the mystery religions ancient secret societies cbcc mystery religions or Mysteries were religious rights celebrated by the ancient Greeks and later by other members of the hell and World they differed from ordinary public religious rights in that they could only
Be celebrated by initiates in Greek Mists from which we derive the word mystery those who have undergone a special initiation process most of the Mysteries were similar in overall theme and content they promised to free initiates of the fear of death by promising them happy existence in the
Afterlife in contrast to the Dismal lot awaiting the uninitiated based on the revelation of secret knowledge many scholars argue that mystery religions formed the basis of Christianity might they also have served as a kind of Freemasonry a secret society offering social advancement through ult knowledge among the most ancient and important
Mysteries were the alinan Mysteries based around the cult side of alus close to Athens the alinan Mysteries told the story of demer and her daughter pranie agriculture Gods who traveled to the underworld but then returned bringing fertility to the Earth and knowledge of Agriculture to the people initiates celebrated their religion by processing
To a temple where they were shown sacred objects and thatou saved some sort of uplifting Revelation the exact nature of which was a closely guarded secret that remains a mystery to this day it probably grew out of prehistoric fertility rights and had an ancient history Mysteries were celebrated at El
Usus every year for nearly 2,000 years from around BC until the cult was finally suppressed by the Roman Emperor theodosius and C the sacred side was raised to the ground three years after that by the invading Goths and VI Goths under alic during this period the alosian Mysteries had evolved from a
Local cult to an imperial secret society to begin with conspiracy secret societies and Cults membership was open to any Athenian but part to those with unclean hands murderers and those who did not speak Greek barbarians as Greek influence spread around the ancient world so membership of the Mysteries
Widen to include any civilized peoples they became popular with the cultivated classes of neighboring societies most importantly the Romans indeed for the Romans initiation became a mark of social standing and several Emperors joined up including Augustus first and greatest of the Roman emperors nuro and others in joining initiates experienced
Personal transformation and were subsequently expected to adhere to a certain code known as a rule of Life the similarities with modern Freemasonry are numerous initiates shared secrets and in theory a whole worldview which were B to the uninitiated masses they started as equals whatever their secular status and
Had to progress through degrees of knowledge once the Mysteries became popular with the Roman Elite it is not hard to imagine that they began to fulfill a similar social function to Freemasonry allowing behind the scenes networking and social climbing the Mysteries also helped to bring initiates within the compass of Greek culture
While Rome eventually grew far more powerful than Greece had been many aspects of her culture particularly that of the Roman elite were helenistic through the power of Rome the influence of Greece permeated much of the ancient world Greek values and culture propagated from northern Britain to the Middle East did co-opting the Roman
Elite into a Greek secret society helped to achieve this a claim often made for the mystery religions is that they form the basis of Christianity there are certainly many similarities Mysteries such as those of alus bakus and orus and similar Eastern Mysteries like the Myra called are based on mythologies of dying
And Rising Gods deities who die slash pass into the underworld but are then resurrected secret history to bring Salvation to mankind perhaps the mystery religion shaped Roman culture in both its pagan and Christian incarnations Emperors and assassins the dirty dealing that made Roman Empire 44 BC the most
Momentous period in the history of Rome was the shift from Republic to Empire which took control of Europe out of the hands of the Senate and put it into the hands of a single man an emperor the key events in this drama were not political debates on the floor of the senate or
Even bloody conflicts on the field of battle but darker doings The Stroke of the Assassins blade and the conspirators whisper the clandestine meeing and the Shady deal these shadowy devices would change the way that Europe was governed for centuries to come the rise of Caesar probably the greatest Roman general of
Them all was Julius Caesar and it was his rise to greatness that led to the eventual downfall of the Republic at the time that Caesar was coming to prominence around BC Rome had been convulsed by a divisive Civil War and was beset with steadily worsening social and economic problems despite its
Extravagant military successes and domination of much of the Mediterranean World although Roman provinces extended from Greece to Spain and from Africa to the Alps it was essentially ruled by the elite of a small city state the Patrician families who had controlled the Roman Republic as it came to
Prominence in the Punic Wars of earlier centuries C Espionage and the Rise of Rome paig were still in control 200 years later they jealously guarded their wealth power and status and resisted the reforms that were necessary to meet the changing needs of Rome massive of landless rural poor were flocking to the
Cities conspiracy secret societies and Cults facilities and Food Supplies were struggling to keep up and the iniquitous system of Taxation and provincial governance was causing unrest in Italy and in the provinces threatening the position of the selfish and greedy oligarchy collectively known as the optimates was Caesar covered with Glory
From his campaigns backed with the Loyalty Alle Legion of soldiers and popular with the citizens of Rome upon whom he lavished money peast and games Caesar threatened to break free of the Constitutional safeguards intended to curve his powers after his success at conquering Gaul the optimates were even
More afraid of him and they allied with one of Caesar’s main Rivals the general py the great with their backing he passed a number of number of laws intended to strip Caesar of power upon his return from Gaul triggering the Civil War Caesar’s armies triumphed over
Pomies at the Battle of faralis BC but pomies eventual death did not come in battle rather at the edge of an assassin’s blade he fled to Egypt hoping to find Sanctuary there but advisers to the young Pharaoh tmy decided that they could win favor with Caesar by dispatching him they kept his boat
Waiting offshore and lured him into a small boat by putting two old comrades from a former campaign in it as they pulled towards the shore the two supposed friends pulled out blades and stabbed him in the back before cutting off his head the eyeses of March with his greatest rival assassinated Caesar
Proceeded to mop up the rest of his opponents and returned to Rome to be declared dictator a constitutional position of great power but limited duration now that the Civil War was over the Senate which mainly represented the ruling aristocracy wanted him to restore the Republic and return to the old
Status quo but Caesar probably realized that the old status quo wouldn’t work secret history and engaged in a program of painful reform he increased the size of the Senate so that he could flood it with his own supporters manipulated official appointments as he saw fit undertook major civil and economic
Reforms at home and in the provinces and tried to reestablish Law and Order on the increasingly unstable streets of Rome inevitably however these moves clashed with petriti self-interest and the antagonism of the optimates grew it was further inflamed by the fear that Caesar was planning to have him self
Declared King a position regarded with loathing by the Republican Romans For Whom the tyrannies of the Roman kings of old who had been overthrown in the th Century BC were a legendary evil Caesar’s action did little to disuse the Senate of this notion he accepted unprecedented honors from the Senate
Itself such as the title imperator as a family name the erection of numerous temples and statues in his honor and the issue of coins mented with his image a tribute never before accorded to a living Roman but associated with Greek Kings he allowed peoples in the Eastern
Provinces to worship him as a God he named his Grand nephew Octavian as his successor sparking fears that he was trying to establish some sort of hereditary principle in February BC Caesar’s Chief Deputy Mark Anthony offered him a crown at a public feast and he rejected it but this is widely
Believed to have been staged at Caesar’s instigation to try and calm the rumors and had little effect his autocratic style his assault on the powers and status of the oligarchy and his apparent designs on assuming the kingship combined to drive the optimates to a conspiracy the chief members of The
Conspiracy seemed to represent the two main strands of opposition to Caesar G cashes long usually referred to as cases was a general who had risen to prominence during a mainly disastrous campaign in Persia where a Roman army under the general crus had been defeated by the parthians at the Battle of Ki BC
Cases had conspiracy secret societies and Cults been accused of deliberately withholding his troops from the battle so that Cris would be killed and he could take over and even of taking a bribe from Caesar a Ral of Cris to do this back in Rome cases became part of
The corrupt and self- serving Republican faction and according to Roman historians plotted Caesar’s death through a combination of greed and jealousy he represents the vested interests opposed to Caesar’s reforms and is often accused of having been leader of the plot he was instrumental in convincing the most significant
Plotter Marcus junk Brutus to join the conspiracy Brutus has been widely portrayed as in Shakespeare’s words the noblest Roman of them all because his opposition to Caesar was honorable and just while he himself was a paragon of noble virtues in practice he was more complicated than this his actions showed
That he could be moral and vicious but also thoughtful and principled he was close to Caesar having become a confident and trusted colleague of the dictator and was even rumored to have been Caesar’s natural son as his mother and Caesar had once been lovers despite this he joined the conspiracy and his
Motivation in doing so appears to have been his Republican ideals he represents the anti-monarchic opposition to Caesar the conspiracy may have started in BC while Caesar was away in Spain defeating the Last Remnant of P’s forces left over from the Civil War cases previously antagonistic to Brutus cultivated his
Friendship assiduously while Brutus also received Anonymous appeals playing on his and Caesar’s ancestral antecedence Caesar was descended from the ancient Kings of Rome while an ancestor of Brutus had killed the last last Roman Monarch in BC Brutus was now called upon to reenact his ancestors glorious tyan
Hiside he was finally won over to the plot when cashes claimed that Caesar would soon call a meeting of the Senate to have himself declar King in the provinces outside of Italy reportedly Brutus said he would have to defend my country and die for its Liberty secret
History with Brutus now on board the conspiracy grew rapidly eventually including some people including many close colleagues of Caesars Brutus had to work closely with Caesar without giving anything away and although he maintained a calm public face his wife Porsha divined that all was not well and
Was made privy to the plot when a meeting of the Senate on the IDS of March March was announced the plotters decided it was time to strike they gathered at the house of each one concealing a dagger beneath his robes and then went to Po’s theater part of a
Great Civic complex constructed by Caesar’s old rival the Senate was being redeveloped at the time so Senate meetings now took place in a temporary Hall just outside the theater here they waited many of them were convinced that the plot had been uncovered and were ready to flee but Brutus stood impassive
And calm nearby in the theater itself a group of Gladiators had been stationed to help control any crowd problems Caesar meanwhile had indeed received intelligence of the conspiracy a list of the plotters had been thrust into his hands but he failed to pay any he to it
Even his wife seems to have got wind of the danger pleading with him not to go to the Senate meeting one of the conspirators stationed at Caesar’s house helped to calm her fears when Caesar eventually arrived at the meeting another of the conspirators distracted his Deputy Mark Anthony by engaging him
In a long conversation outside the Senate Caesar took up his seat and prepared to handle the business of the day the conspirators pulled out their daggers and struck Caesar with stabbed times slumping against the base of a statue of pomy in a final irony carving up the Empire unfortunately the
Conspirators had not thought beyond the murder of Caesar and had no plans for what to do next in the confusion Caesar’s air Octavian and his Deputy Mark conspiracy secret societies and Cults Anthony ceased power and NBC formed a tri umed with leidis a former Ally of Caesars the secret dealings of
This group would determine both the immediate shape of the Republic in the aftermath of the assassination and later the demise of the Republic in November BC the three men met at bolognia and agreed on the policy of prescription condemnation of prominent persons so that their Estates could be confiscated
And their wealth used to fill the treasury in secret they drew up a list of names sentencing hundreds of the most prominent people in Rome to death and disgrace although different sources give different figures the scale of this vicious wealth grab is clear around senators and more than commits Knights
Or minor nobility were proscribed including many who were Allied to or had helped the trites Octavian even prescribed members of his own family other names were add to the list out of spite or personal animosity or to settle old scores thus enriched the trium and proceeded to hunt down and destroy those
Who conspired against Caesar in BC the tribers met up again at the town of brunes this time in order to carve up the Republic the West was given to Octavian the East to Mark Anthony and Africa in the South to leidis absolute control over the lives of hundreds of
Thousands of people was thus a portioned in a discussion between three men the first emperor over the next few years Octavian secured his position for instance in BC he expelled laides from the trium brate and worked to undermine anony he made skillful use of propaganda to turn public opinion against Anthony
Portraying him as having been seduced by the dark magic of Egypt where Anthony lived openly with Cleopatra and had a number secret history of children with her despite being married to Octavian sister octavian’s Master stroke was to obtain a copy of Anthony’s will presumably via some form of Roman black
Bad job the term used in the intelligence Community for a cover up such as a burglary he read it alow to the Senate revealing that Anthony wanted to recognize his children by Cleopatra and to be buried in Egypt it was the last straw and with the full backing of
The Senate Octavian embarked on the Final Act in the drama that would make him sole ruler of Rome his armies defeated Anthony’s at acum in BC and Anthony and Cleopatra subsequently committed suicide in Egypt Octavian was now master of Rome and was to remain so for years he changed his name to
Augustus and accepted the title prps the first but in all respects except name he was Emperor the Republic was gone the Empire stood in its place his actions during the rest of his Reign would Define the rest of Roman history but because of his achievements much of this
History would be a secret one by concentrating all power in the hands of one man and instituting an absolutist autocracy model of government Augustus ensured that power politics would now Center on a constant round of conspiracies foiled or successful from now on the primary concern of the emperor would be to gain intelligence
About threats to his person while the primary concern of anyone who coveted power would be conspiring Emperor Doan C whose paranoid led him to a reign of tyranny that in turn led to his assassination famously said the lot of all Emperors is necessarily wretched since only their assassination can
Convince the public that the conspiracies against them are real Augustus recognized this in his own lifetime setting up two institutions that would play a big part in the subsequent secret History of Rome one was the cursus publicist the official Postal Service up to this point post had been carried by private Messengers but
Now postmen became official government agents whose person was inviable and who traveled all over conspiracy secret societies and Cults the Empire perhaps inevitably Emperors were soon using them as a secret service Gathering intelligence carrying secret messages and even carrying out covered Ops such as assassinations for instance the emperor gordian sent curus publicus
Messengers armed with a fake secret message to Venus the governor of morania cesaris when they arrived they asked to talk to him in a private room and promptly assassinated him Augustus also created the predan guard as a cter of bodyguards drawn from outside the traditional spheres of Roman influence
Specifically to protect him against plots and assassination attempts however over the centuries the preder guard grew powerful and themselves became the greatest threat to the security of Emperors proclaiming and opposing them at will it is possible then to draw a thread from the plot to assassinate Caesar right through to the endless
Cycle of clandestine power plays that would come to character e Roman history in seeking to save the Republic from the tyranny of kingship and preserve the free and open conduct of government through constitutional forms in other words to protect Rome from the forces of secrecy and subversion the conspirators
Ensured the opposite the Assassins of Persia 1091 265c the Assassins also known as the hashian from their supposed use of the drug hashish were a medable Islamic sect legendary for their murderous activities and qu mytical training methods in th century Europe tales of the Assassins based on spous medieval sources such as
The travelogs of Marco Polo became wildly fashionable and the popular myth of the sect was established according to this partly fiction elas account the Assassins were a secret Brotherhood based in the impenetrable Mountain Secret Fortress of alam and led by a charismatic Vali figure shikan isab they would capture the fiercest guards from
The Silk Road Caravans that passed by their mountain fastness and spirit them away to ID where they would awaken to discover a paradise of lush Gardens populated by harams of beautiful maidens their senses addled by powerful doses of hashish a paste made from Cannabis that is taken in doses hundreds of times
Stronger than modern spliffs with intense psychedelic effects the recruits would then meet the mysterious Chik who told them that they were in Paradise then they would once again be put to sleep to awaken in ordinary surroundings if they wish to return to Paradise they were told they must swear absolute
Obedience to Assan and Carry Out assassinations at his command under the INF of Mor hashish the brainwashed acolytes became deadly killing machines who could be directed at the sex enemies the myth of the Assassins caught the public imagination at a time when romantic culture was embracing all things Oriental including for a few
Intrepid Bohemians hashish the mysterious sect has since been woven into the rich tapestry of conspiracy myth particularly manuri and candidat sty mind control conspiracies while parallels have been drawn with the suicide bombers of modern Islamic fundamentalist Terror however it is also common to Discount the story of the
Assassins as the fevered fancy of romantic fists intoxicated with a hey mix of orientalism and drugs neither of these modern viewpoints is accurate although the truth is undeniably strange the Assassins did exist and they did play a major role in shaping the politics and Power Balance of the Medieval World through Terror and
Assassination during their Sinister Reign they destabilized Persia governed parts of Syria and performed contract killings for the Crusaders the name assassins believed to derive either from the name of their leader Hasan isbah or from their alleged drug conspiracy secret societies and Cults use was a derogatory one given to sect by its
Enemies they called themselves the ad alj the new doctrine their Origins lie in the turbulent and complex history of Islamic sisms since they were a branch of the is Shiite fits the fits were a dynasty of Shiite Muslims who claimed descent from Fatima daughter of the prophet and therefore considered
Themselves to be rightful rulers of the Islamic empire rather than the sunn based caliphate the fatat started off in Yemen but were constituted as a kind of secret society themselves their modus operan was to send missionaries to L outside their rule where they would practice their faith in secret and seek
To convert leading citizens such as generals and rulers and so take control although they also made free use of armies Invasion and other more usual forms of conquest by the th Century their influence had spread as far a field as Spain Sicily and Sardinia and a fatate dynasty ruled large parts of
North Africa and the near East from KIRO the Assassins were a particularly fervent group of FID missionaries formed in the s in support of the FID Cale sun naar in his dynastic struggle for the succession and had sometimes known as nerus in under Hasan they captured the
Fortress of alamit in kin in the mountains of Northern Iran from this impregnable base they developed their ideology and their power becoming the Assassins of legend for the Assassins targeted murder of high ranking members of emical branches of Islam became a religious Duty and a means of spreading their political and religious influence
There is no real evidence that they use drugs or brainwashing techniques but they are believed to have gone about their Sinister business with grim efficiency individuals or small cells of Assassins would infiltrate the hometown of the Target and live there quietly for some time disguised as Tradesmen or religious Aesthetics observing the
Secret history Target carefully over time they would build up a picture of his movements and choose the right moment to strike usually they would carry out the assassination in public often in the mosque during Friday prayers the Assassins preferred to use a dagger at close range to minimize the
Chances of Escape for the Target as with today’s suicide bombers they wanted maximum publicity to enhance the impact of the murder and their reputation as Fierce some enemies however unlike modern suicide bombers they took care not to injure anyone else and did not allow suicide preferring to be killed by
The victim’s guards in the Assassins claimed their first victim n Al mul viser for one of the abased Cals in Baghdad soon afterwards they made alliance with rwin the ruler of Aleppo in Syria and for two decades became de facto rulers of the area after rwink death however his successor IBN alkab
Drove them out of the area and thus made their list meeting a sticky end at the point of an assassin stagger in the following year Hasan isab died but the SE continued to grow in strength through the early th Century eventually coming under the rule of Rashid had andan known
By his legendary title The Old Man of the mountains probably a mistranslation by the late th Century the assassins in Syria had established good relations with the Christian Crusaders in the Levant and they briefly considered converting to Christianity probably in order to benefit from favorable tax laws however Christians in the kingdom of
Jerusalem jealous of their tax exempt status objected and negotiators sent by the Assassins were murdered relations were nevertheless maintained and in the Assassins the Crusaders found a valuable Ally against the sarin King saladan in two attempts were made on saladin’s life the Second Assassin getting close enough
To wound him and the Assassins became embroiled in the complex politics of the Crusader kingdoms someone historical speculation conspiracy secret societies and Cults points to Richard the the lionart of England hired them to polish off Conrad of M farat king of Jerusalem Conrad was a rival of Richard’s vassel
Guy of Luan for the throne of Jerusalem with support from Philip 2 of France and Leopold of Austria Conrad replaced guy as King in April got his Reign was short J on April he was returning from dinner at the house of a friend when he was set
Upon by two assassins and stabbed to death the sect continued to exert its Sinister influence over middle and near Eastern politics until the mid century weakened in part by the deportations of the Assassins the abased cipate was in no position to resist the Maring Mongol hordes okan grandson of gas and brother
Of KU was dispatched to conquer Persia and crushed the assassins and he arrived at the gates of alamid with the largest Mongol army ever assembled but was not called upon to test the fortress’s supposedly impregnable defenses because the Assassin she promply surrendered in the misguided hope of receiving Mercy
Wago raised The Fortress to the ground and by the last remaining assassin strongholds in Syria fell to another invading Army under the main luk sultan by Bar’s after nearly years of secret influence the Assassins were finished as a power in the region but the NIS lived on eventually breaking up into several
Groups some of which still exist today the most prominent of these are the kasim shahis or Coes best known through their leader the a Aon Last Descendant of the Fearsome assassin chiks the legend of the Assassins lives on however as an archetype of sinister orders that pull the strings of power from hidden
Strongholds using mind control and murder to carry out their dark agenda asterisk secret history secret dealings of the papacy 1891 153c the Roman Catholic church and in particular the papal institutions at its head have long been associated with secrecy Shady dealings and covered activities it has been called the largest secret society
In the world described as having the best intelligence service on the planet and accused of everything from barbery and money laundering to sexual abuse and murder many of these accusations have themselves been part of disinformation campaigns used to further anti- Catholic agendas C page but many others may have
Some basis in truth throughout its long history The Church has been heavily involved with the temporal world as well as the spiritual world and very often this involvement has been via clandestine means even in its earliest days the church moved in a world of secrecy Espionage and danger persecuted
By the Imperial authorities Christians had to practice their faith in secret and stay out of the grasp of the Roman secret police known as FIA originally army supply sergeants these officers were later used for a range of secret police style activities early church historians such as Yus record that the
Christians established their own underground to help smuggle those at risk beyond the reach of the authorities and their own Espionage Network to help forar them of approaching danger St cyprien for instance was saved from the FIA when he was forewarned of an arrest warrant and went into hiding Pope Victor
The pope from C had a mole at the very heart of the Imperium the emperor’s mistress Marsha a secret convert who helped him to secure the release of condemned Christians in these early days the church used Espionage defensively to protect itself against the threat of Extinction
However in the early th Century C after the conversion of Constantine and the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of conspiracy secret societies and Cults the Roman Empire the tables were turned now the church through its influence with the emperor had real temporal power as the Western
Empire declined and fell during the next few centuries the church moved to fill the resulting power vacuum both locally by taking control of territory around Rome and further a field by trying to control secular rulers meanwhile the bishop of Rome sought to assert his authority within the church itself
Creating the papacy by claiming privacy for Rome over Constantinople for Roman Catholicism over Eastern Orthodoxy and for papal authority over that of Bishop the title of Pope was not formerly reserved for the bishop of Rome until but it is used here throughout for convenience forging the rock of the
Church the tools of deception double dealing and secrecy were Central to realizing both the temporal and the spiritual Ambitions of the papacy from the very beginning both the establishment of the Papal States as a territorial entity and the assertion a Papal authority over that of the Bishops
The two Central planks of papal power depended on forgery and double cross the Papal States were created in CE when pep and the short King of the Frank presented the lands of revena to Pope Steven 3 sometimes known as Steven to O to a dispute over the legitimacy of a
Previous Pope the impetus for this generous gift was the presentation by Steven of an impressive document from the days of ancient Rome the Donation of Constantine dating from C the donation recorded that emperor Constantine in gratitude for his miraculous recovery from leprosy presented the territory surrounding Rome to Pope Sylvester and
Pronounced Rome to be Supreme Over the other main centers of the church including Constantinople Alexandria and Jerusalem it even claimed secret history that Constantine had shifted the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople so that the authority of the Pope would not be diminished by the presence of a rival power implicitly
Acknowledging that the pope was superior to the emperor the donation had the desired effect on Pepin who recognized it has genuine and SE revent to the Pope the Papal States were to survive for over Thousand Years while pepenk implicit recognition of the Pope’s Authority profoundly increased papal
Power for centuries to come for instance years later Pope Leo reconducted Charlemagne’s coronation as Holy Roman Emperor papal influence on Holy Roman emperors remained strong for centuries afterwards all this was achiev thanks to a forgery for the Donation of Constantine was almost certainly a fake probably cooked up to order by Steven as
Early as the th Century the Italian scholar Lorenzo Val showed that the document was riddled with inconsistencies including mistakes in the dating incorrect forms of Latin and improper use of the name Constantinople for what would then have been called Byzantium shortly after the reign of Steven 3 Steven 4 in office sought to
Enlarge the Papal States through gift from the king of the Lombards barbarians who had by then conquered much of Italy Steven for had gained office thanks to the support of two important Church officials Christopher and his son sergius in helping him to the papacy however they had angered the Lombard
King Deus who offered Steven Morland to add to his existing territories if he gave the two of them up Steven promptly agreed and handed over the two men to meet a Grizzly death explaining his actions by claiming that they had been plotting against him his double crossing was justly rewarded however when Theus
Refused to hand over the promised land at this time there was still debate within the church over the relative authority of the bishop of Rome and other Bishops conspiracy secret societies and Cults many of who were wealthy and Powerful in their own right once again a pope called on the art of
Forgery to assert his authority Nicholas I was in dispute with hmar the Archbishop of reams to back up his claims to Pap Supremacy he pointed to a collection of documents called the pseudo aoran decal these reportedly dated back to the very early days of the St Century church and seemed to show
That Rome had the power to depose other Bishops and make laws in fact the dec cradles were recent forgeries but Nicholas was happy to insist that he had ancient copies proving the validity of his arguments the borjas probably the most infamous of all Pap families are the bourj to further their ends the
Borjas used Intrigue secret deals corruption robbery betrayal and murder they gained notoriety as poisoners assassins and incestuous sex fiends but in doing so they helped to fuel the cultural Renaissance of Europe and establish the Papal States as a political and territorial entity of genuine power which was to last for
Hundreds of years the first borja pope was kalistus 3 who managed to make himself deeply unpopular in his short Reign but also successfully elevated his nephew Rodrigo to a cardinal ship and to the important position Vice Chancellor of the Holy sea over the next years Cardinal Rodrigo borja Consolidated his
Position in the church amassed great wealth and lived a debauched life fing several illegitimate children including chesar and Laria at one point Pope P II was forced to reprimand him for his unseemly Behavior which included notorious orgies in Pope innocent e died and Rodrigo bribed his way onto the
Papal Throne using his spending power to purchase the votes of cardinals including at least one who was secret history probably too old to legitimately take part in the election once installed as Alexander 6 he said about practicing nepotism corruption and self-enrichment on a scale unparalleled in the history
Of the papacy in fact Alexander’s nepotism had begun while he was still a cardinal he had been overed Pope 64 into issuing a declaration circumventing the illegitimacy of his children and then proceeded to obtain for them Noble titles or church positions his son Giovani for instance was made Duke of
Gandia while chz was given lucrative Church offices from the age of seven when he became Pope Alexander made chesar a cardinal at the age of do other relatives were also made Cardinals Alexander’s plan was to enlarge and consolidate the Papal States and eventually to help his son establish a
New Royal Dynasty in Italy independent of the papacy to this end he made alternating alliances with the two major European powers France and Spain favoring whichever would help him most at the time but he also used his children principally ler to forge useful marriages with powerful Italian families
Initially she was married to giovan sorza a s of theza family who controlled Milan but when the power of theas weakened Alexander SCH to arrange an inment he bullied the foras into pressuring Giovani to admit to a failure to consumate the marriage with the marriage dly analed Alexander was free
To marry Laria into another more useful family According to some sources however Laria had managed to get herself pregnant by a young servant chesar and his father dealt with the matter in a typical fashion a corrupt Vatican hearing declared her to be still a virgin and the servant was imprisoned
And murdered the baby was born in secret but Alexander was Keen to have him recognized so that he could award him a strategically important property and issued papal balls that variously listed the paternity of the boy conspiracy secret societies and Cults as either ches or Alexander himself inevitably
Rumors of incest became R and to the St Laria is vilified as having slept with both her father and her brother the career of chz meanwhile was proceeding along lines apparently displeased with the choice of a career in the church that his father had made for him he decided
To clear the way for his Assumption of a more secular role as a politician and Soldier on Jun sar’s older brother the Duke of gandia rode off to a party accompanied by a masked man the next day his body was recovered from the Tyber his throat slashed suspicion soon fell
On chz who was known to be resentful of his older brother’s influence with Alexander with him gone chesar was now free to resign the dignity and begin his political and military career if chesar was to be successful he would need a powerful backer so Alexander made a deal
With Louis the 12th of France who wanted papal dispensation to leave his wife Alexander issued a bull annulling the marriage chz carried to France as papal legged and Lou made him Duke of valento and married him to a princess with French backing chesar was now able to invade and subjugate the territories of
Romagna nominally under papal control but in practice independent and Troublesome to help fund his campaigns Alexander engaged in unbridled corruption selling indulgences and church offices and confiscating the Estates of enemies or Rivals Laria had been married to a neapol in Prince ceiling the Duke of Bia but the
Fluctuating balance of power in Naples meant that this poor man had now lost his usefulness too chz possibly acting on Alexander’s orders murdered him Alexander then encouraged both French and Spanish designs on naal taking advantage of the resulting confusion to subjugate two powerful families who were
Local Rivals of the borjas at one point he went to oversee operations himself leaving control of Rome and the Vatican and thus the Roman Catholic Church in the hands of his yearold daughter secret history luia he also engaged in a program of corrupt fundraising to build up an impressive diary for her creating
New Cardinals in return for huge sums with this money in hand he was able to marry Laria to Alonso Des ear to the duty of Ferrara an important principality despite her reputation as a poisoner and temptress Laria is Remembered in Ferrara for being a Pious and faithful wife famous for her
Sensible Administration and patronage of the Arts through more scheming and Intrigue with France Alexander secured a free hand for chesar in central Italy but the bjas were threatened by conspiracy from within their own ranks in discontented minor noblemen sided with the orini deposed former rulers of romagna and defeated Cesar’s Army no one
Was better at Double dealing than chesar however and he disposed of his enemies through simple treachery summoning the ring leaders of the conspiracy to a truce meeting he had them taken prisoner and executed Alexander promptly employed a similar Roose to dispose of his rival Cardinal orini luring him to a meeting
And then having him thrown into prison where he subsequently died in the following months Alexander Used poison and assassins to get rid of several other rivals or former Confederates Who Knew Too Much confiscating their goods to enrich himself the bjas were at the height of their power they had subdued
Or destroyed most of their Lo Rivals carved out extensive territories in central Italy allied themselves with the powerful Des family and become fabulously wealthy thanks to yet more scheming on Alexander’s part chz had been promised Sicily by France and much of Tuscany by Spain he was planning new
Military conquests that would help to establish the bouras as a powerful Dynasty in their own right but in disaster struck both Alexander and chesar were mysteriously taken ill after dining with Cardinal cornito many sources claimed that they were poisoned and some even say that they had attended the dinner specifically to poison
Cornito conspiracy secret societies and Cults only to suffer when he surreptitiously switched the glasses around less romantic historians maintain that they simply caught malaria whatever the cause the outcome was that Alexander died and chesar was left weak and sick for a vital period although he was still
Able to send a group of thugs to break into the Vatican and steal as much loot as they could find while his father lay un bared although he recovered the balance of power had swung away from him and an implacable enemy of his father soon became Pope Julian too Julian
Schemed with the Spanish to have chesar arrested and although he escaped he never regained his Italian possessions and he died fighting in the service of the king of France in the end then the ruthless scheming corruption and duplicity of the bjas failed to secure the dynasty they had dreamed of but did
Leave an important Legacy Cesar’s former dominions became part of the Papal States helping to secure them as a political and territorial entity of genuine power which was to last for hundreds of years and play an important role in subsequent European conflicts such as the Napoleonic Wars the bjas
Also left their mark on culture through their patronage of the Arts not least chz served as the model for nio M’s most famous and influential work the prince which stressed the importance to statecraft of Espionage intelligence and the other tools of secrecy inspiring Legions of Shadow Warriors secret diplomats and clandestine rulers in
Years to come the Gunpowder Plot conspiracies within conspiracies one of the most famous conspiracies of all time the Gunter plot of is still commemorated in Britain every November with bunfires fireworks and the burning of an effigy popularly known as a guy after guy Fox one of the main conspirators much of the
Official story of the plot is secret history well known especially in Britain where it is routinely taught to school children but anyone who looks at the story in Greater detail will soon find that it is not as straightforward as it seems there is much evidence to suggest
That the houses of Parliament were never in serious danger of being blown up and that to some degree the plot was concocted as a Roose to inflame anti- Catholic sentiment and further the Personal Agenda of Robert Cecil the Earl of Salsbury successor to Sir Francis wallingham as the Secretary of State and
Spy master of late tutor and early Stuart England the official version after the Gunpowder Plot was foiled and the conspirators either killed or captured interrogated and executed the government took the unusual step of issuing sort of official history of events known as the kingk book it’s basically this account that is taught to
School children today according to this version the Gunpowder Plot was conceived in by a group of Catholic gentleman led by Robert gatesby dismayed at the failure of the new King James I to fulfill his early Promises of Tolerance towards Catholicism they determined on a bold plan to destroy Parliament that
Would at a stroke remove the heads of state and most of the leading politicians of the land including King James his eldest son and his ministers the plotters would seize the kingk remaining Offspring and raise a Catholic Revolt throughout the land guy Fox who had served in a regiment of exiled
English Catholics on the continent and had experience with explosives was recruited to help and the group hire a house near to Parliament intending to dig a tunnel underneath it when this proved impractical one of the plotters Thomas Percy rented a seller directly under the House of Lords in March do fox
Posing as Percy servant managed to smuggle barrels of gunpowder into the cellar conspiracy secret societies and Cults and concealed them beneath a pile of wood and bits of iron the conspirators awaited the sitting of parliament after numerous delays a new Parliament was scheduled to open on November but one of the conspirators
Francis tram foolishly felt compelled to warn his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle in mp a big but alarming letter was delivered to monteal on the night of October as he sat down for dinner and he had it read allowed to him and his guests my Lord out of the love I bear to
Some of your friends I have a care of your preservation therefore I would advise you as you tender your life to divise some excuse to shift of your attendance at this Parliament for God and man hath concurred to punish the wickedness of this time and think not slightly of this advertisement but
Retire yourself into your country where you may expect the event in safety for though there be no appearance of any stir yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament and yet they shall not see who hurts them this council is not to be condemned because
It may do you good and can do you no harm for the danger is passed as soon as you have burned the letter and I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it to whose holy protection I commend you monteal immediately sent the
Letter to Cecil the kingk chief minister and the man responsible for protecting the king against but Cecil and his advisers were apparently unsure of its import and waited until the king returned from a hunting trip before showing him the letter and considering action the king quickly guessed what was
A foot and the privy Council ordered to search of the sellers under Parliament although not immediately in fact they waited until the day before the opening the store of gunpowder was discovered and Guy Fox was captured under torture he subsequently revealed the names of the plotters and the details of the plot
Secret history the plotters meanwhile had escaped to the Midlands meeting up with a band of Catholic supporters and eventually hauling up at h b house on the Staffordshire border on November here they prepared to make a stand but suffered another Misfortune when some powder they were drying near a fire
Exploded injuring several the next day the law and in the ensuing battle katb and three others were killed while most of the rest were captured even some Jesuit priests who were only perally involved with the group were tracked down and brought to trial all of the conspirators were gruesomely executed
Except for Francis tram he was locked up separately in the Tower of London but died in December supposedly of a urinary tract infection although most sources agree that he was poisoned the Gunpowder Plot had been foiled the nation rejoiced Cecil had saved the Grateful king and the Catholic cause in England was dealt
Another shattering blow effectively removing any lingering hopes of putting a Catholic on the throne the government plot there are problems with many aspects of the official story many of the details derived from the confessions of two of the plotters Fox and Thomas winter but the authenticity of both of
These is in doubt for instance the signature on Fox confession seems to have been forged it is not clear whether the plotters really did try to dig a tunnel under Parliament and the reasons given for its abandonment differ water from the temps was leaking in the work
Was too hard for gentlemen or the foundations of the Parliament building got in the way how was a known Catholic agitator Thomas Percy able to hire a seller directly under parliament in fact it was rented to him by a close friend of Robert Cecil access to gun powder in
Stuart England was tightly controlled and stores were kept under guard in the tower of conspiracy secret societies and Cults London yet the plotters were apparently able to obtain Perils of the stuff possibly from Flanders and smuggle it across London literally under the noses of the government Fox was even
Able to replace spoiled powder by getting more from the continent the monteo letter provides some of the biggest problems with the official story did tram send it and if it wasn’t him and he had no trouble convincing katb and win that it wasn’t who did if he did
Send it he must have realized that it would probably undermine the whole plot montio received it while spending the evening at a residence where he had not stayed for months how did the cender know he would be there on that particular night the reception of the letter sounds like the liberate theater
Why did montle have it read alowed to his guests to make sure there were Witnesses according to a reputed confidant of montle he was actually expecting the letter the official version records that monteal sent the letter directly to Cecil despite the lateness of the hour what it doesn’t
Record was that much of the rest of the privy Council were conveniently in attendance at Cecil including the Lord Admiral the Lord Chamberlain and the ears Northampton and Wier this group of August personages apparently failed to understand the Fairly obvious meaning of the letter and had to show it to the
King they then waited until the very night before the opening of parliament to act deoy to maximize the apparent Jeopardy and the impact of the discovery the fates of the plotters are also a matter of some controversy some writers have suggested that the explosion at whole bash house was no accident i. it
Was orchestrated by a traitor within the group and there is Mystery surrounding the deaths of two of the leading plotters Robert catesby and Thomas Percy although one would expect that the authorities would want to capture them alive for interrogation the soldier that killed them was in fact awarded an
Unusually large secret history pension even more strangely they were apparently both killed by a single bullet finally there is the mysterious death of Francis tram why was tram treated differently to the other plotters and never brought to trial why didn’t monteal try to help him despite the care TR had taken to warn
Him montle made no effort to plead for his life although he did manage to have another conspirator Spirit was he poisoned did he really die at all some leading Scholars argue that trunk death was faked and that he was allowed to escape to Spain under the alias Matthew
Bringa plots within plots question marks around the Gunpowder Plot but what was the real story it is now widely believed that Robert Cil the ear of Salsbury had some sort of hand in the plot subverting it and eventually unveiling it at a time of his choosing and then covering up his
Tracks what was his motivation cil’s father Lord Burley was the man who had brought Francis wallingham into Queen Elizabeth’s service and who had initially built up the spine Network that wallingham perfected Cecil followed in his Father’s Footsteps and became a major player in government Affairs at a
Young age by the S with Walsingham and his father gone Cecil VI with Robert deu the Earl of Essex for the queen ear and effective control of the court and thus the country he lured Essex into attempting the impossible task of subjugating Ireland which ended in disgrace and Essex sealed his fate in
With an attempted coup known as the Essex rebellion in which some of the gunpowder plotters were also involved Cecil was now in complete control of court and helped to ensure the smooth succession of the crown to James I 6 of Scotland on Elizabeth’s death however its position may not have been Totally
Secure it was widely known that Cil had previously supported an alternative successor to Elizabeth it conspiracy secret societies and Cults would serve his purposes to prove his value to the new king like Walsingham Cecil also pursued a vigorous anti Catholic policy he was constantly aware of the dangers
Posed by Catholics at home and abroad and it had been angered by intelligence from his main agent on the continent Thomas Allison that English Jesuits were fomenting a plot against the English Monarchy later that year cil’s diplomacy secured a peace treaty with Spain freeing his hands to deal harshly with
Domestic Catholics one of the strongest pieces of evidence that Cecil whether or not he had instigated it certainly used the Gunpowder Plot to further his own agenda is that he went to such lengths to frame father Henry Garnet head of the Jesuit order in England and lay the
Blame for the plot at the door of the Jesuits if Cecil had much to gain from creating or subverting the gun outer plot how did he do it two of the most suspect players in the drama are Francis Tres and Lord montigel the author and the recipient of the letter that
Shattered the conspiracy tram was a disgruntled Catholic gentleman with of reason to resent the state and its treatment of him and his family he had also been involved in the essic rebellion of that in all respects he was a likely plotter but he was also a dissolute Gambler who had run up
Considerable debts and thus needed money he was known to have spied on Catholic relations for the court before the Gunpowder Plot after the letter was sent tram seemed to know that the plot was definitely uncovered and made plans to leave the country even while the other plotters were assuming that they were
Still undetected equally murky is the role of Lord monteal according to the official version montik only involvement was as the recipient of the letter in practice however he seems to have known about and possibly even encouraged the plot from an early stage montio was also a Catholic and had also been involved in
The Essex Rebellion after it collapsed he was lucky secret history to escape with his life and was find an enormous sum of money leading to speculation that this was when he became a government Informer and one of Cecil’s agents since the accession of James the monteal had
Gone to some pains to reassure Cecil and the King that he was a conformist Catholic who saw the error of his ways and who was loyal to the Protestant monarchy and had benefited with honors and favor but to his Catholic friends including kesby gram at all he showed
Another face talking like a dangerous Catholic fire brand at a meeting with katb tram and father Garnet the Jesuit inel monal was asked if he and the others were able to make their part good by arms against the king according to Garnet my Lord Lord Montiel answered if
Ever they were they were able now and then added quoting montle directly the king is so odious to All Sorts this testimony supplied by the captured Garnet was later suppressed by order of Cecil and mentions of montle and the confessions of others were actually Struck from the official record Monte’s
Attempts to gain the confidence of the plotters were not entirely successful however for kesby seems to have had his suspicions and did not trust him enough to involve him in the Gunpowder Plot his suspicions might have been confirmed by the extravagant rewards Monti enjoyed which included annuity and a land grant
And by the lengths to which Cil went to preserve Monk’s reputation Cecil wrote to one of the officials involved in the trial of the captured plotters lastly and this you must omit you must deliver in Commendation of my Lord monteal words to show how sincerely he dealt and how
Fortunately it proved that he was the instrument of so great a blessing because it is solutely given out that he was once of this plot of powder and afterwards betrayed It All To Me In summary then although there is little in the way of hard facts there is plenty of
Suggestive evidence allowing us to conspiracy secret societies and Cults speculate about the truth behind the Gunpowder Plot it seems unlikely that the whole thing was fabricated by Cil he did not net any big names from among the Catholic aristocracy including Rivals at court who would surely have been targets
Of his perhaps the most likely story is that Cecil through his network of spies and informers got wind of a real plot and determined to subvert it for his own ends in particular his campaign against the English Jesuits using Tres and monteal and possibly others first as agents provocators and later as
Informants Cecil orchestrated events so that he could discover Fox and the gunpowder in dramatic circumstances and later frame the Jesuit father garet as a key conspirator finally he covered up his tracks by suppressing the role of monteal and having Tres either murdered or smuggled out of the country the
Consequences of this complicated Saga of conspiracy and double cross are still with us today in the form of Britain’s annual bonfire celebrations less genually the anti-catholic fow that was stoked by the Gunpowder Plot lingered for centuries finding expression in periodic bloody sectarian riots more directly Cecil had succeeded in
Hammering another nail into the coffin of Catholic aspirations to the throne and further secured Protestant control of England Freemasons rosac Christians and the Illuminati 17th century to the present day the essential ingredient of any Grand conspiracy theory is a secret society that controls world events from behind the scenes even the most cursory
Search of the web or the conspiracy Shelf at your local Bookshop will turn up a number of favorite contenders for this role among the top three will be the Freemasons the rosac chrans and the Illuminati conspiracy theorists claim that these secret orders are coverly responsible for everything from starting
The American end secret history French revolutions to controlling the global economy and plotting to enslave the world’s population do these organizations really exist what is their history more importantly what is the truth of the wild claims made about them in th andth century Europe amid the ferment of the Enlightenment and the
Transformation of the Medieval World into the modern one old certainties and institutions became increasingly inadequate for the developing intellectual Elite many men of letters and science groping for new philosophical moral and spiritual truths to accompany the new learning turned to an esoteric blend of ult and religious thought known as hermetic philosophy
Supposedly based on Ancient sources hermetic philosophy was a fusion of magic Alchemy astrology and religion synthesis in the Renaissance although it had ancient antecedants some of its teachings were Progressive and radical for the age ideas that were developed included the view that all religions were equal and to some extent simply
Different expressions of the same Central truth that spirituality should involve personal insight and development rather than being mediated by established institutions and that this spiritual equality should translate to Earthly Affairs which tied in with developing Notions of individual rights and Liberty many of the scholars and intellectuals who fell into this way of
Thinking were known to each other they corresponded or met at universities or new institutions like Britain’s royal Society a common Trope in conspiracy circles is the idea of an invisible College of the intellectual Elite and it is quite possible that th and th Century intellectuals thought of themselves in
This way in a purely informal sense it was in this context that a number of today’s Usual Suspects appeared of which the oldest are the Freemasons Freemasonry probably grew out of medieval Stone Mason guilds in the Middle Ages the craft of masonry combined elements of architecture engineering and stoneworking and like
Any craft conspiracy secret societies and Cults of the time it jealously guarded its knowledge and privileges when coming together to work on a major project such as a cathedral the Masons would gather and a Lun something similar to a workman’s Hut over time the Mason Guild developed traditions and rituals
Surrounding their craft and admittance to a lodge with emphasis on their Mastery of than mysterious rules of geometry and tools of architecture such as the compass the free and Freemasonry is thought to refer to Masons who worked a particular type of building material called Freestone during the th and th
Centuries Freemason Society started to admit non Masons and further develop their unusual spiritual philosophy which shared many elements with hermetic philosophy and it is from the th Century that we have the first record of intellectuals joining a Mason’s Lodge by there were enough lodges in London alone
For four of them to get together to form a Grand Lodge by this time senior Masons already included noblemen a tradition that was to continue in Britain where several Royal princes have served as Grand Masters not surprisingly This lends way to arguments that Freemasonry is a club for the elite although one of
Its principles is that initiates start off equal whatever their status in the outside world today there thought to be about comons in the UK and maybe 0 million in North America for them Freemasonry probably offers a combination of men’s club the chance to explore areas of spirituality outside of
Their normal purview a bit of theater The Thrill of being in on a secret and the opportunity to do some networking Freemasonry is often associated with another secret society the Ros Christians sometimes also called the Brotherhood of the rosy Cross or variations on the same theme rosac christianism effectively invented itself
Between and three mysterious tracks appeared telling the allegorical story of Christian Rosen Cruz a knight who undertakes a spiritual Quest and secret history achieves personal transformation of anonymous authorship the works collectively known as the Ros of Christian manifestos employed many of the concepts of hermetic and related esoteric philosophies and spoke of a
Secret Brotherhood of magical adepts working together for the good of mankind and in opposition to corrupt institutions such as the papacy in practice the Brotherhood was fictional but soon esoteric philosophers across Europe were clamoring to join up eventually small groups of them got together to form short lived rosac
Christian societies and some of these people also joined the Freemasons similar ideas influenced both groups and they probably influenced each other the third and the trium of supposed super secret societies are the Illuminati enlightened ones or those who have seen the light in fact several unrelated groups in history have styled themselves
In this Fashion To indicate their belief that they possess special information or Insight but conspiracy theorists are referring to the Bavarian Illuminati a quimic group of Republican freethinkers formed by law professor Adam wew in in alad Bavaria in they actually called themselves perfectti bists establishing branches around Europe they attracted
Around common members including several Progressive Aristocrats writers and philosophers to discuss ideas that were considered dangerous at the time EEG that established governments and churches were corrupt and should be replaced in a group was quashed by Edict of the nervous boian government and had entirely ceased to Exist by do thanks to
The writings of roughly contemporary conspiracy theorists however they acquired a legendary reputation and were accused of being behind the revolutions that were convulsing America and Europe at the time so what is the truth about the influence of these groups on History neither the Rosa Christians nor the Illuminati existed for long enough or
Ins significant enough numbers to directly affect the events with which they are linked although there conspiracy secret societies and Cults cultural and intellectual impact may have been considerable perhaps these orders provided a talking shop where future revolutionaries developed their ideas and intentions or perhaps they simply reflected the cultural and
Intellectual currents of the time we can only speculate on the direction of causality certainly the ideas with which they were associated so frightened the reactionary forces of the establishment that they were demoned at the time to by a strange transference they are vilified as the establishment by reactionary
Forces who feel excluded or alienated from the mainstream the evidence surrounding the Masons is much more suggestive by freemasonary was established in America and became popular with the colony Elite many of whom would play a prominent role in the revolution Benjamin Franklin for instance became Grandmaster of the Pennsylvania Freemasons other
Revolutionary American Masons included Paul River Admiral johon Paul Jones and General Andrew Jackson according to one estimate no less than of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence were Masons although other sources disagree and put the figure at eight perhaps the most prominent American Mason was George
Washington a lodge Master at the time of his inauguration chose to take the oath of presidential office on a masonic Bible certainly the design for the Great Seal of the United States now found on dollar bills was heavily influenced by the esoteric ideas of the Masons and features Masonic symbolism such as a
Pyramid with an eye above it Masons were also associated with the French Revolution though less specifically for instance Dennis D and voler two of the main French encyclopedists were both Masons the encyclopedia Grant project involving many writers Advanced freethinking Republican Concepts and was banned by The Authority soon after its
Publication during the S it is sometimes regarded as a kind of intellectual Manifesto for the French Revolution also several of the early Revolution were Masons secret history was all this merely a coincidence or were the American and French revolutions mic plots again untangling the lines of causality is difficult Freemasonry was
Popular with the swort of intellectuals and activists who would provide the inspiration and impetus for the revolutions so it is not surprising that so many revolutionaries should also have been Masons as Masons they would have met to discuss then radical Notions of Liberty equality and fraternity the founding precepts of both revolutions
They may have used the network of contacts built up through masonry when it came to organizing for instance Freemasons are believed to have been responsible for the Boston te party of do even if Freemasonry did not specifically plan the revolutions it certainly played an important role and
Fting them an instance where Masons were involved in an explicitly revolutionary secret society was the carbonari or charcoal burners of Italy taking their name from a common cottage industry practiced in southern Italy the carbonari Grew From Masonic groups who opposed foreign occupation of Italy and favored unification of the diverse
Italian kingdoms above all however they wanted to overthrow absolutism and affect the constitutional monarchy or Republic in other words they wanted to take the high-minded principles of masonry and translate them into action the carbonari organized themselves along theic lines with grades and rituals and secret signs many of the founders were
Probably Masons and Masons could automatically join as highgrade Masters between and the Bonar organized and led uprisings in Naples pedmont Parma Medina and romagna while foreign offshoots helped to instigate the Spanish Revolution and French uprisings in do after the movement petered out it’s Thunder stolen by more Progressive
Italian organizations but it helped to prepare the intellectual and practical ground for Italian reunification over the next few decades conspiracy secret societies and Cults the real Odessa conspiracy the CIA the G Oran West German intelligence 1945 1961 the Odessa conspiracy is an enduring staple of conspiracy theories and notably fiction
Thanks to books such as Frederick forsight the Odessa file. the basic theme of these stories is that a secret organization was founded to help Nazi war criminals Escape just by going into hiding changing their identities or fleeing to new lives abroad usually in South America and to preserve their hold
On the Otten lot of the thich including stolen artworks and gold bullion and cash taken from Holocaust victims the organization was named the organization of former SS members or Odessa from the German acronym while Odessa itself may be fanciful there are many elements of Truth to the fiction there were
Wellestablished redlings for smuggling war criminals out of occupied Germany set up with the collusion and possibly at the behest of American intelligence and the Catholic Church C from P to Opus Dei page Operation Paperclip which recruited Germany’s leading scientists for the rocket program and other shot scientific Pursuits was a slightly more
Above board American version of Odessa cpage much of the nazil lot is still missing to this day while Swiss banks have openly admitted that they still hold millions of dollars of money taken from Jews and other victims of the Nazis they may be holding far greater Assets
In secret but the most shocking and significant true life version of Odessa is the sorry tale of the Gan org a CIA funded Nazi spiring that became NATO’s most important intelligence agency and fell victim to one of the most successful Soviet infiltrations of the
Cold War by late it was clear to many on both sides that the war in Europe was coming to an end and that Nazi Germany was doomed to defeat the allies and in particular the Americans were turning their thoughts to the likely shape of postwar secret history geopolitics and
Concluding that the Communists might prove to be as great a danger as the Nazis as early as William Wild Bill Donovan head of the office of strategic Services soon to become the CIA was pressing his government to establish a route whereby useful Nazis could come over to America some prominent Nazi
Intelligence officials were thinking along similar lines planning to surrender to the Americans believing accurately that they would offer the least hostile reception and might even welcome their aid against the Communists the day after the surrender of Nazi Germany on May the Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered Eisenhower to arrest all
Suspected war criminals but to make such exceptions as you deem advisable for intelligence and other military Reasons by then the most significant of these exceptions was already in American hands ronard Gellen was the gapo general in charge of FR o foreign army East the military intelligence agency responsible
For the Eastern Front Gan had built a reputation as an impressively accurate analyst of Soviet forces but also for brutal and evil methods obtaining his intelligence by torturing and starving thousands of Russian cows after falling out with Hitler and clearly sensing which way the wind was blowing Gan
Decided that he must turn himself over to the Americans but not before providing himself with suitable bargaining ships he and his senior officers microfilmed their vast Archive of data on the Soviets and packed it in metal drums which they buried in a remote Meadow in the Austrian Alps Gan
Then tipped off the Americans about his defection and Ed an audience with top brass accordingly he was flowed to Washington on August disguised as an American General for a briefing with top intelligence officials meanwhile his buried cash of intelligence treasure was on Earth and whisked Away by the Americans Gellen who had astutely
Calculated that the Americans conspiracy secret societies and Cults knew virtually nothing about Soviet capabilities and would be desperate for information offered them his knowledge his data and even access to a rmade network of anti-communist assets in occupied Eastern Europe the Americans liked what they heard they were also
Willing to be convinced that Gan was not so much an Ardent Nazi as an ENT anti-communist like themselves Gan spent 10 months working with top us officials at hunt in Virginia where he impressed everyone with his professionalism ability and knowledge his biggest supporter was Alan dullas formerly office of strategic Services Chief in
Germany and later director of the CIA so impressed were the CIA that they sent him back to Germany to set up his own intelligence agency named the G organization or sometimes simply the or bankrolled by The Americans on the basis that he would not recruit any former SS
Gustavo or SD members the SD was the Nazi party’s own intelligence service Gan established himself at a base in the sper mountains of central Germany and promptly broke his promise enrolling some of the most notorious Nazis including former gapo Chiefs and mass murderers as well as providing a secure
Home and occupation for war criminals the org probably also helped to run the red Lings to South America the CIA almost certainly knew about all this but turned a blind eye because of the quality of intelligence the org provided Dallas’s opinion on Gan was HEK on our
Side and that’s all that matters over the next decade the US spent an estimated dollar million on the org which grew to employ Comm people in the org became the official West German intelligence agency the bundas tendus or bndd through these agencies G was hugely influential shaping us and NATO policy
Towards the Soviet block the org supplied NATO with two3 of its raw intelligence data on Warsaw packed countries unbeknown to the Americans however was that what they thought was secret history amazingly highgrade information was often very poor distorted to serve GK own ends exaggerating the Communist threat and
Thus his own importance worse was to come facing Gan across the Iron Curtain was his counterpart in the East German intelligence agency the HBA the Spy Master Marcus wolf desperate to infiltrate the BN wolf targeted G weak point his assumption that the anti-communist credentials of his ex-nazi recruits were Beyond suspicion
What Gan hadn’t counted on was that hatred for the Americans and their NATO allies Germany’s conquerors sometimes outweigh all other considerations Hein Fel an xsd official whose home city of Dron had been raised to the ground by Allied raids was just such a man was recruited by the KGB and then
Infiltrated into the B andd by feeding him intelligence material and even allowing him to uncover some minor agents the KGB boosted F’s credentials until he had R to be head of the BN Soviet Counter Intelligence Agency a position that also gave him access to American and British intelligence for
Three years he did enormous damage to Western interests until exposed by a captured polish agent in the furo forced Gellen to resign he was never brought to account for his war crimes or the damage he had inflicted on Western intelligence for many conspiracy theorists the org
Was just one Link in a far greater postwar right-wing conspiracy forging links with the underground mic LOD P operation gladio the Vatican and right-wing dictatorships and undergrounds in South America Spain Italy and around the world see from P to op Dei page some even link its baleful influence to the Resurgence of neonnazi
Movements in the present day whether or not there is a continuous thread running from the establishment of the gorg to Modern fascists and the ongoing secret of the Nazis missing loot it is a fact that the CIA helped some of History violence criminals avoid Justice while paying them huge salaries the
Predictable conspiracy secret societies and Cults consequence of this deal with the devil was one of the worst intelligence disasters in Cold War history the C’s refusal to come clean about this Shady period in its early history continues to this day despite New Freedom of Information laws and congressional orders the CIA still refused
To declassify any of the relevant documents from P2 to op Dei right-wing conspiracies at the heart of the Catholic Church 1945 to the present day postwar Italian History has been turbulent and often violent it is littered with corpses three of the most Sensational postwar Italian deaths are
Those of Aldo Moro prime minister of Italy in apparently at the hands of leftwing terrorists Pope John Paul I also in apparently from natural causes and Roberto calby a banker with links to the Vatican and to organized crime found hanging under black fries bridge in London in an apparent suicide incredibly
These three deaths and many more may be linked to a vast and Sinister right-wing conspiracy that has cast a long Shadow over global events since the of World War II according to conspiracy theorists these events were orchestrated or influenced by a secret mic Lodge known as B corrupt Vatican officials finers
Who ran the Vatican bank and others linked to it the mafia and even the CIA heavily implicated are the current Pope John Paul II the right-wing Catholic sect Opus Dei and many major figures in contemporary World Politics the redlings and operation stay behind the Story begins with Italian fascist Leo jelly
During the Spanish Civil War jelly volunteered to fight for the fascist black shirt Battalion under Franco and during World War II served as a lison officer between melini’s fascists and the Nazis specifically Herman ging’s SS division after secret history the war he came to the attention of the Allied
Secret services and supposedly helped to organize the Redlands these were programs to keep wanted Nazis and fascists as well as Soviet defectors and deserters out of the hands of the authorities and smuggled them brought to various destinations mainly South America among the famous names believed to have escaped in this fashion were CL
Barbie Adolf ikan and Joseph Manel the Redlands were organized with the help of us intelligence agencies and according to many accusers the Catholic Church priests with fascist sympathy sheltered and fed war criminals and used the extensive network of church contacts in South America to help with the transfers the motivation for covered Allied
Support of the rattlings was a widespread realization even before the war was over that communism would be the next enemy and the fear that a war with Soviet Russia might happen imminently combating communism became far more important than denotification and anyone who might help with the coming fight was
Considered valuable the same principle and process lay behind both the G and org described above and operation paper clip the secret program to Spirit Nazi scientists to the US cpage and Page respectively for fascists like jelly the Redlands were a way of preserving friends getting rich and building up a
Network of influence in the shadowy world of the secret Services the existence of the Redlands is widely accepted but many writers also claim that groups of Nazis and fascists were deliberately left behind in most countries of Western Europe in an operation known as stay behind supposedly the plan was that sells of
Anti-communist Warriors planted throughout Europe could form the basis of an instant underground force should the Soviets invade and would also be available to help counter any homegrown communist insurrections by the S the domestic Communists of Italy were achieving notable electoral successes and the anti-communist powers conspiracy secret societies and Cults led by the
Americans were becoming concerned according to the conspiracy theorists they authorized the formation of operation gladio effectively the Italian branch of operations stay behind and a network of right-wing agents and agitators was recruited to be ready to resist a communist takeover the key man in this operation supposedly was jelly
Who extensive contacts in the intelligence and Neo fascist communities made him ideal whether or not this is true is uncertain and judicial investigations in Italy have offered little support for the operation gladio theory if jell was coordinating it he was doing it from Argentina where he had moved in do here
He allegedly became very cozy with one Peron and other right-wing leaders although he is the main source for this claim meanwhile behind the scenes he was creating the secret Masonic Lodge P P2 jelly had joined the Italian Freemasons in but traditional mistrust of the Masons was enshrined in a law which
Meant that Italian lodges had to register members with the government jelly said about creating a LOD within a LOD a so-called covered Lodge where the membership was secret and only he knew the complete list membership would be restricted to the elite of Italian i/ Catholic Latin American society in
Contrast to the Freemasons where anyone can join in hierarchies from the outside world are meaningless jelly named it after a th Century Italian LOD so it became propaganda do or P for short members of P included finers and businessmen media people senior civil servants and politicians lawyers and
Judges generals and Admirals Mafia Don and crucially much of the Italian secret services including several intelligence Chiefs they also included many prominent clergy including senior members of Thea the government of the Vatican secret history City and thus the church this was despite a strict rule that Catholics
Were not allowed to be Masons on pain of excommunication supposedly the head of the Italian Secret Service on joining had presented jelly with extensive files on prominent Italians which he then used to Blackmail them into joining his secret society jelly alone knew all the members of P he
Was I vile the leader but was also known as iel bero the Puppet Master allegedly he had engineered the return to power in Argentina of General Peron and some writers even claim that Peron acknowledged his debt by kneeling at jell feet jelly also engineered a close relationship between the financial
Institutions of the Vatican and the Dirty Money of organized crime which was to have such grave consequences for Pope John Paul the the murder of Alura although the threat of Soviet invasion had receded the Italian communist party continued to be a source of anxiety to the anti-communist powers in the early s
Operation gladio was allegedly authorized to start taking direct action to forestall communist influence in Italy and began a campaign of bombings designed to F popular anti-communist sentiment it didn’t work and by the late as Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was actively working to bring the Communists into government in solidarity with his
Center left party in March he was kidnapped by a radical leftist group called The Red brigades and after being held in captivity for days was murdered conspiracy theorists argue that the red brigades were created and run by an Unholy Coalition of Operation gladio Forces the Italian secret Services the
CIA and of course the supposedly Morrow while on a trip to Washington had been specifically warned by senior American officials not to get conspiracy secret societies and Cults into bed with the Communists if he valued his life he is said to have cut short his trip and
Returned home a frightened man when he failed to heat the warnings the red brigades were sent into action to murder him and smear leftwing politics into the bargain certainly there were many strange elements in the Saga letters written by Moro while in captivity allegedly contained coded warnings and
Some of them were suppressed at the time senior politicians such as Romano PR gave cryptic hints that the police knew where Moro was being held captive even while they were engaged in a massive Nationwide man hunt many aspects of his kidnap and murder remain mysterious despite extensive investig
But few serious commentators give much Credence to the p/c plot angle the death of John Paul the albino Luciani was elected Pope on August taking the name John Paul and died just days later after one of the shortest Reigns in papal history immensely popular during his
Short office The Smiling Pope as he was known for his accessible approach and lack of ears and Graces might also have proved to be one of the most radical and influential figures of the th Century had he lived in STK contrast to Pop’s previous and subsequent John Paul the
First was considering relaxing the church is Hardline on contraception and is widely believed to have favored a program of liberal reform within the Vatican given the potential influence of the church on Catholics around the world such a change of Direction could have had profound consequences for social and
Religious issues on a global scale its untimely death set history on a very different path to understand why it is necessary to examine the complex state of Vatican politics prior to his election during the th and th centuries there had been a considerable debate within the church between liberal and
Conservative secret history factions and the forces of reactionary right-wing Catholicism had gone to considerable lengths to crush their opponents in the th Century the Vatican had used its intelligence networks to spy on and discredit liberal thinkers while the Vatican of the S was accused of being excessively cozy with melini and his
Fascists some anti-catholic writers accuse P the 11th of colluding with the fascist takeover of Italy in return for huge sums of cash and the latter in Treaty of which formally recognized the Vatican City is an independent state over which the pope and the curia had sovereignty during the
Council known as Vatican 2 which sat from 2 The Clash between liberal and conservative factions came to AE thanks in large part to the efforts of John XX I I Vatican 2 liberal many aspects of church practice and made it possible for Progressive critics within the church to
Speak out the traditionalist Old Guard of Thea were dismayed and intense battles continued over issues such as birth control John XX successor Paul v 6 vacillated on the topic eventually coming down on the conservative side as it turned out Cardinal Luciani had been one of The Voice is urging him to adopt
A more liberal stance apparently the traditionalists did not realize this for when Paul v 6 died and the supporters and opponents of Vatican to locked horns in the papal election they were happy to accept Luciani as a compromised candidate he was almost unique in not having had a curial or diplomatic career
And thus seemed to stand apart from the factional politics of the Vatican he also seemed to have little ideological baggage famously being only a simple priest who considered himself unworthy for high office presumably the right-wing Old Guard expected him to be at least neutral and possibly easily LED
They were soon to discover their mistake not long after his coronation the new pope met with un representatives to discuss population issues and sparked the Fur by giving a speech in which he admitted considering conspiracy secret societies and Cults changes to the Vatican Hardline on contraception conservative elements in the curia took
The extraordinary step of censoring the Pope’s own comments in the pages of the official Vatican newspaper there was also talk that John Paul the Luciani was considering reforms affecting the church at every level which must have been particularly disturbing to right-wing Catholics given that he was considered
Soft on communism and that his father had been a committed socialist but what was most alarming to the entrenched traditionalists who ran the curia according to conspiracy theorists was the new ponti’s investigation into the murky Waters of Vatican finances it was in this sphere that the Unholy Italian
Alliance of PE the mafia and the church had borne fruit with financial misdeeds on on an epic scale one consequence of the latter in treaty was that the Institute of pelop religio or I The Institute of religious Works commonly known as the Vatican Bank was free from the usual oversight and regulation that
Affected other financial institutions this naturally made it the perfect vehicle for money laundering and it is widely believed that it became profoundly Tangled Up in a web of Dirty Money the finger is particularly pointed at P which supposedly used its unique network of mafioso bankers and finers and high ranking Vatican officials to
Link the I with a flood of dirty money from drug dealing racketeering Etc VI a number of suspect private Banks according to one Theory the bank’s major involvement in moneya laundering came when a change in the law in Italy meant that the Vatican massive shareport folio would come under public scrutiny fearing
Embarrassment if the size of their Holdings became public the Vatican Bank decided to devest itself of the shares jelly introduced them to Italian Banker Roberto calie head of Mafia link Bango amb brano who offered to buy the portfolio in return for huge sums of Dirty Money thus laundering be gotten
Funds secret history whether or not the scenario is true it is certain that the Vatican bank and in particular its American Branch under Archbishop Paul marcinkus was heavily involved with Mafia money laundering and Sinister finers such as Cal and Sicilian Banker Michelle cindat also implicated was the Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal vot
The head of Thea an arch conservative painted by many conspiracy theorists as the arch villain of the pap murder mystery this then was the cabal of right-wing interest range against the new pope according to the conspiracy theory of his death most clearly and convincingly articulated in David yopk
Book in God’s name John Paul the first had quickly perceived the rod at the heart of the Vatican analyzed a complex mass of documents and identified the key culprits in particular he had become aware of the startling level of P membership among leading figures in the Vatican these men would be relieved of
Their responsibilities and moved to harmless positions and the work of cleaning house could begin on the night of his murder he supposedly took to bed with him a she of vital documents relating to the Vatican bank and its Financial shenanigans on the morning of September the body of Pope John Paul the
First was discovered by the papal secretary John McGee sitting up in his bed he had died of a heart attack this at least was the official story in fact it later came out that the body had been discovered much earlier than originally said by an uncalled sister Venta who was
A Papal housekeeper there were also discrepancies over the treatment of the body which was immediately removed for inbombing making a postmortem impossible this was in violation of Italian law but not the ca argued a Vatican law which specifically prohibited a postmortem in fact this was not true either a
Postmortem had been carried out on the body of Pope P the and not even after the EMB bombing process there should have been blood and organs available for testing but these had conspiracy secret societies and Cults Mr iously vanished so too according to conspiracy theorists had the documents the pope had been
Reading his glasses and even his will what would a postmortem have discovered according to conspiracy theorists it would have shown that John Paul the first was poisoned that he had been murdered by vot acting in League with p and the Crooked Bankers with the tacit support of all those who feared the
Pope’s liberal agenda there is however a different view best encapsulated by John Cornwell’s book a thief in the night dot according to this view Pope John Paul the 1 was not the sharp WID detective hero of yop scenario but an intellectual lightweight who was not equal to the
Task of being pontiff and whose poor health coupled with the notoriously poor Medical Care offered by the Vatican meant that his sudden death was no mystery there is plenty of evidence to back up this alternative version during his short tenure John Paul the first repeatedly complained that he should not
Have been picked and visitors commented on his loneliness and isolation on one occasion he caused consternation by dropping a file of top secret documents over a wall onto Vatican rooftops his health was known to be poor and he suffered from serious cardiovascular problems he had previously suffered a
Minor embolism where a blood clot blocks a blood vessel and showed symptoms of a much more serious one on the night of his death but had ignored suggestions that a doctor should be called in healthcare in the Vatican was notoriously bad the previous Pope Paul v 6 had practically been killed by a
Charlatan who later took photos of his corpse the EMB boming of Paul the sixth had also been an embarrassing disaster the body had rot it so fast that its nose fell off when it was lying in state perhaps the Vatican had rushed to impong John Paul the first to avoid a similarly
Distasteful disaster on one of the hottest days of the year as for the stolen documents from the papal bedroom it later turned out that they were safely in the possession of his sister Family secret history the mic murder of gods’s banker there is plenty to suggest in other words that the mystery
Surrounding John Paul’s death oh more to up than conspiracy but the scandals surrounding the Vatican Bank were genuine enough over the next few years much would be revealed but a rash of assassinations would also ensure that much would remain hidden many of the senior Catholic clerics were able to
Keep their powerful jobs but invest ations overseas were starting to unravel the web of the seat around the Vatican Bank eventually Mafia link Sicilian Banker Michelle Cinda and Archbishop Paul marsis who had presided over Vatican Bank mises in America would both be jailed the most dramatic development
However would be the strange death of Roberto calie Cal’s close association with the Vatican had earned him the so Gods Banker but he was engaged in a fraud of Epic Proportions eventually stealing over a billion dollars from the bank he cheered Bano ambrosano by rooting the money through the Vatican
Bank according to P conspiracy theorists Calvi was forced to steal the money by jelly who funneled it into right-wing causes and personal bank vaults jelly supposedly once said all Bank doors open to the right when the holes in the accounts grew too large to cover calie supposedly approached the mafia by his P
Connections offering to use his position to help launder money for them this he did but he also skinned off huge amounts to stay afloat by Italian authorities were closing in on calie but the assassination of a key investigator took the heat off him this was followed by
The brutal murder of a journalist who had allegedly sent John Paul the first the list of P members that alerted him to their infiltration of the Vatican two investigators pursuing CA were arrested and slung in jail amply illustrating the reach of PS influence more assassinations followed conspiracy secret societies and Cults but
Eventually both Cinda and calie were brought to trial in Cinda got years incal was sentenced to four years imprisonment but was freed pending an appeal in June his body was found hanging from London’s Black fres Bridge his pockets stuffed with bricks incredibly the Metropolitan Police treated his death as suicide but
Subsequent investigations showed that calie had been strangled before being thrown off the bridge the bricks were clear Masonic symbols and his Grizzly death closely resembled punishments depicted in Masonic Legends later investigations and confessions suggested that calie had been murdered by the mafia as retribution for his theft of
Mafia funds but the Masonic symbolism of his murder suggests that there may well have been a p connection by this time however PS ring of infamy had been blown open inell tuskin Villa was r yielding a list of P members that shocked the Italian nation and which included Sylvio
Burone now prime minister of Italy and controller of most Italian mass media jelly vanished and an investigation by the government concluded that WP was probably a criminal secret society there was no concrete proof of anything he resurfaced briefly and to help the Argentinian government by ex set missiles from the French during the
Fackin war and then went underground once more presumably finding refuge in South America like the many Nazis he helped Escape Justice after the war Opus Dei detractors of the John Paul the first murder Theory point out that it implicates his successor John Paul II who would surely have become aware of
The web of Scandal and deceit and yet took no action to proponents of the theory however this makes perfect sense John Paul II is closely associated with reactionary right-wing elements in the church today and this Association secret history stretches back to his prepal career to the conspiracy theorists his
Election was deliberately intended to safeguard the hidden right-wing agenda of the Vatican but may also have signaled a subterranian power struggle between the right-wing factions competing to pursue that agenda namely p and the Catholic sect Opus de to mainstream observers these conspiracy theories seem farfetched and few would
Seriously suggest that John Paul II knew about approved of and covered up his predecessors murder but there is little doubt that the current pontiff has used his term in office to push a covered right-wing agenda and that partly thanks to his authority Opus Dei has become a hidden power of enormous influence in
The church and wider society today so who are Opus Dei founded by Jose Maria esri in Opus Dei meaning God’s work is a personal prer of the Catholic Church to op Dei apologists a personal prer is simply a type of church institution that exists outside of any particular Geographic administrative unit I.E the
Dices of a bishop and answers directly to the pope to Opus de detractors a personal prer is a handy way of building a power base within the church that is free from the supervision or interference of the normal regulatory structures in other words a charter for developing a secret society in plain
View according to its own literature Opus de recruits both clergy numbering comma and lay members numbering comma to do God’s work this includes funding and running Charities educational programs Spiritual Development courses and medical clinics and simply living a Christian life according to its detractors Opus Dei is much more
Sinister and has similar aims and means to PE it indoctrinates members into its extremist wring agenda and infiltrates them into every sphere of Modern Life enabling it to build up enormous wealth and influence which it uses to promote that agenda to distinguish conspiracy secret societies and Cults the truth
Behind these competing claims it is necessary to look more closely at op de’s controversial founder and the network of influence op de has buil up around the world Jose Maria esraa was a Spanish priest who witnessed firstand terrible anti Catholic atrocities carried out by socialist forces during the Civil War his experien has
Strengthened his desire to set up a personal preer with a license from the pope himself to further the religious and political ends of Opus Dei the movement he had founded in do doubtless they also strengthened his hatred of Communism and his extremist right-wing beliefs which led him to support General
Franco fascist and to openly Express his admiration of Hitler a notorious quote attributed to escribe is Hitler against Jews Hitler against Slavs this means Hitler against communism Esa established a set of precepts and training disciplines for Opus Dei members which controversially include scourging or self- flagellation although used in the
Church as a means of aing spiritual meditation and achieving self-purification it has also led to accusations of brainwashing and claims that op Dei tries to indoctrinate new members in the manner of a Sinister cult esraa has also attracted criticism for supposed misogyny racism homophobia and bitter intolerance of other religions
According to Robert hutchon author of their kingdom come inside the secret world of op Dei one of the most thorough investigations of the organization to date esraa was motivated by an atavistic longing for the days when the church was a significant temporal power and one of the pillars of the feudal social order
It could be argued that today’s op Dei has a sort of neutal agenda aimed at maintaining originally stratified social order where everyone knows their place and commun and any guys is the Ultimate Enemy according to critics Opus Dei operates by recruiting lay members who retain their civil occupations and
Progress to positions of influence from which they can work to combat secret history communism and further the aims of the organization in this manner op Dei has supposedly infiltrated the media Academia trade and Industry and politics as well as of course the church it has become fabulously wealthy and
Influential and is particularly powerful in Spain Latin America and the US in Spain opas Dei members occupied key seats in Franco’s cabinet in the SN in the recently defeated government of Jose Mar Oar in South America Opus de I link clergymen and Statesman have offered moral and political support to
Repressive right-wing regimes from Argentina to El Salvador one of the best known members is perus Cardinal cpani who was a close Ally of the fujimori dictatorship during the Japanese Embassy hostage crisis When leftwing Gorillas took control of the building for several weeks cpani is alleged to have smuggled
Microphones into the building hidden in a crucifix while posing as a neutral go between supposedly these microphones were instrumental in helping the government to Massacre the gorillas after they had surrendered in America Opus Dei influence has spread to the highest levels members include former FBI director Le fre and two supreme
Court justices anonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas who are key to determining constitutional and judicial responses to moral and social issues such as gay rights Pope John Paul II and the Third Secret of Fatima op dei’s most spectacular recruitment success must be Pope John Paul II esraa had set up a
Roman arm known as the Centro Romano cont sacerdotal which had the specific aim of communicating Opus de’s agenda to Leading members of the church hierarchy among several Bishops who were brought into Opus de orbit was Carol Wala Archbishop of Kow his strong anti-communist sentiments developed through his struggles against the anti-catholic conspiracy secret
Societies and Cults powers of communist Poland made wal a natural Ally after he was elected Pope in opas De had a direct line to the summit of Catholic power as John Paul II the new Pon diffused his position to combat communism around the world it is widely believed that he saw
The fight against Godless communism as a struggle of near apocalyptic proportions his convictions were almost certainly strengthened by his attempted assassination and the revelation of the Third Secret of Fatima on May the pope narrowly escaped death from an Assassin’s bullet as he greeted crowds in sa Peter Square in Rome his eye was
Caught by an image of the Virgin Mary carried by a young girl at the exact moment he bent down to hug the girl mmad Ali XU fired two shots at his head they missed and although a third shot struck the Pope in the stomach he survived the
Official story was that XO was aone n but the Italian government’s own investigation together with evidence from former Soviet block countries and even the former head of the CIA William Casey revealed thato was recruited and manipulated by the Bulgarian Secret Service acting in cahoots with the Turkish terrorist organization called
The Grey Wolves at the behest of the KGB the Soviets fearful of the new Pope’s anti-communist for power particularly in the light of events in Poland at the time had decided that the pope Must Die although the Bulgarian connection was covered up by all concerned the investigating magistrate Ferdinando
Osimo claims that his superiors urged him to let it go probably because the Western Powers did not want to undermine their rapan with the Soviets under gorbachov the pope most likely knew about it for one thing he had a very close relationship sh with the Bently anti-communist president R and his
Devoutly Catholic CIA director William Casey which became even closer after ran to survived an assassination attempt the Americans would regularly brief John secret history Paul II with secret documents and spy satellite data and he would pass back intelligence clean from priests in eastern block countries the Pope’s near-death experience led him to
Have a mystical experience similar to the Fatima vision of do this was part of a series of visions of the Virgin Mary who appeared to three children near the Portuguese village of Fatima and revealed three great secrets to them two of the secrets were subsequently made public but the third and purportedly the
Most dramatic was never revealed written down by the last surviving Visionary sister Lucia Santos the legendary Third Secret of Fatima was stored in the secret Vatican archives The Forbidden Library where the Vatican stores thousands and possibly millions of books and documents considered too controversial or explosive to reveal suspected contents of the secret
Archives include alternative versions of the Bible that undermine Catholic Doctrine records of Vatican misdeeds over the centuries such as relations with the Nazis during World War II and incriminating evidence relating to contemporary church scandals such as child abuse by priests and Vatican Bank dealings after his vision John Paul II
Is believed to have read the Third Secret for himself at the time there was a frenzy of speculation about what Earth shattering Revelations or prophecies it might contain but it has since been made public and proved to be something of an anti climax it is basically an account
Of a vision of a pope together with many other clergy being shot by evil soldiers John Paul II together with Santos herself seems to have interpreted this as a reference to his own battle with Communism an interpretation doubtless strengthened by his brush with the Soviet assassins bullet in a major
Church event at the F Shrine he consecrated the world but especially Russia to the Virgin Mary an obvious reading of the situation is that events had conspired to give the pope a near Messianic conviction that his anti-communist Crusade was truly God’s work conspiracy secret societies and Cults in this light it seems reasonable
To ask whether John Paul Zeal to defeat communism meant that he was prepared to overlook the less saory aspect respects of right-wing organizations like P and Opus Dei in return for their help the evidence suggests that he was for instance not long after his election P member and Opus Dei Ally Archbishop
Marsing his brokered big loans to the Polish ship Workers Union solidarity a favorite cause of John Paul the efforts of solidarity are largely credited with ending communism in Poland Opus Dei is also suspected of having helped to shore UPR right-wing regimes against communist Insurgency in countries around the world
Perhaps as a reward John Paul II has fast tracked the canonization of op de’s founder Jose Maria escriba making him a saint in almost record time what about the relationship between Opus Dei and P while the untimely death of John Paul the and the of John Paul II may have
Given P some breathing space the raid on jell Villa and subsequent investigations revealing PS links to financial misdeeds and organized crime meant that the secret Lodge was running out of time in fact according to one particularly involved conspiracy theory Cal’s murder was engineered by Opus Dei as part of a
Scheme to displace p as the main right-wing power behind the Vatican throne in this scenario Opus Dei L Calvi to London with the promise aalon to help him make good his Steps From the mafia and keep Bano amb broso oflo stabing off further investigation by the authorities
Once he was there they betrayed him to Mafia enforcers who were after his blood ensuring that the murder had mic Hallmarks to indicate P involvement with Calvi dead his bank collapsed and more details of s perp leaked out the way was clear for op Dei to assert their
Dominance in the murky demon of covered right-wing Catholic politics secret history a vast right-wing conspiracy in conclusion the Vatican and opas Dei both claim that the conspiracy theories against them are simply lunatic and there are convincing alternatives to The Conspiracy Theory deaths of figures such
As Alo Moro and John Paul the first Cal and his fellow victims of the ambrosano Fallout May simply have been victims of the mafia in which they moved while the church may have been largely in the dark about what was done with its institutions and money John Paul II
Could argue that reforms of the Cur have been made since then in other words there may be no overarching conspiracies except for those concocted by anti- Catholic pists and nothing for the Vatican to worry about alternatively John Paul II and Opus Dei May simply be the latest in a long series of shadowy
Right-wing conspirators dating back to the end of World War II who operate above the law to oppose communism further a self- serving right-wing agenda and cover up their tracks murdering anyone who gets in their way from Bankers and judges to Prime Ministers and popes even if the truth
Lies somewhere between the two there are disturbing implications it would be hard to avoid the conclusion that powerful par political groups have influenced and continue to influence international finance and politics at the highest level with the possible collusion of the CIA the Italian secret Services Latin American dictatorships and major
Contemporary figures such as former FBI director leis free US Supreme Court Justice Scalia Italian Premier and media magnate Sylvio burone and even the pope who shot JFK 1963 the assassination of President John F Kennedy Remains the most celebrated and debated suspected conspiracy of all time finding a definitive solution to the JFK murder
Will probably conspiracy secret societies and Cults never be possible but the murky tangle surrounding the assassination and the subsequent cover up vividly illustrates the influence of The Hidden Hand in recent history it is beyond the scope of this book to look at the assassination in any depth or to
Review the full range of evidence and the Rams of witness statements in detail the bare facts are known to most people on November President Kennedy was traveling in a motorgate through Dallas at p.m as the car slowed and turned a corner in D Plaza a volley of shots rang
Out and the president was fatally injured in the head among other wounds he was rushed to a nearby hospital but died soon after his body was then flown to US Navy Betha Hospital for an autopsy later that day Le Harvey Oswald a worker at the Texas School Book Depository a
Building on D Plaza was apparently seen gunning down a Dallas police officer and was subsequently apprehended in the Texas theater cinema by a group of policemen including one who shouted The Immortal line killed the president will Oswald had been in the Marines and had subsequently defected to the Soviet
Union but had then returned to the states after 2 days of questioning during which he made the famous statement I’m just a py W was being moved to a nearby jail when he was shot dead by nightclub owner and Mafia gangster Jack Ruby Kennedy successor as president Lyndon Johnson previously vice
President appointed the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination after a 10-month investigation the commission published its report which concluded that Oswalt had shot Kennedy from his snipers lir on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository firing off three bullets Oswald had acted alone without the
Involvement of any other parties the L gunman theory is undermined by a huge mass of suggestive evidence which raised doubts about most aspects of the official version the most important areas of Doubt are secret history technical aspects of the shooting there are many inconsistencies with the official version of the actual shots
Their trajectory timing and number evidence about the shots and from many witness statements suggests that the Fatal shot came from in front of Kennedy the depository was behind him probably from the famous grassy null problems with Oswald as the Assassin he almost certainly did not have the skill to
Achieve the assassination and there are many question marks Over the official version of his personal history his movements before during and after the shooting his links to the Mafia the CIA and anti-castro Cubans and the circumstances of his arrest Ruby’s killing of Oswald Ruby claimed not to
Have known Oswald and to have acted alone evidence suggests he did know Oswald was involved with the same circle of CIA Mafia and anti-castro forces and had official help getting into the garage where he shot aswald the handling of the crime scene and the president’s body the crime scene was not secured
Evidence was mishandled or went missing the reasons for moving the president body to Bethesda remain obscure and nearly cified at the time and the relatively inexperienced doctors mysteriously chosen to perform the autopsy botched it badly Witnesses disagree about many crucial aspects of the autopsy and the wounds the president
Received in particular many claimed that forensic evidence that the president was shot from in front was suppressed or disappeared lack security around the president inadequate measures were taken to secure the root of the motorgate and the president Secret Service protection was espcially scaled down for reasons never explained conspiracy secret societies and call
People in and around D Plaza there is a massive witness material relating to strange people behaving oddly around D Plaza before during and after the shooting including reports of Agents people who look like or identified themselves as unspecified agents people around a grassy null people seen with weapons people seen firing weapons Etc
Testimony about conspiratorial links many people have since claimed that they knew or heard about people linked to the assassination including CIA agents members of the mafia leading businessmen Etc dead Witnesses many crucial Witnesses or people claiming to have important knowledge or who might have threatened to uncover a conspiracy have
Died in mysterious circumstances which strongly suggests that someone is to kill to perpetuate a cover up probably the most famous of these people Who Knew Too Much was Robert F Kennedy gun down in what does it all add up to without doubt the official version is riddled
With holes what we’re left with is very strongly suggestive of a conspiracy followed by a cover up so who did Kill JFK and then cover it up the usual practice is to look at who had motive or stood to benefit from Kennedy’s death unfortunately a wide range of groups and
Individuals had reason to want Kennedy dead the prime suspects include the military-industrial complex this unnamed group of powerful interests presumably including businessmen politicians military leaders and operatives presented Kennedy’s plans to scale back involvement in Vietnam and possibly cut back on Military expenditure secret history the South Vietnamese leadership
Kennedy Was preparing to withdraw us support from them having adjudged them to be corrupt and despotic extreme anti-communists many accused Kennedy of being practically a communist they included Ultra right wi oil millionaire HL hunt who supposedly said that he wanted Kennedy dead shortly before the assassination oil men Kennedy was
Planning to raise their taxes the Soviets supposedly Oswald or someone pretending to be Oswald was a communist agent possibly a brainwashed sind controlled agent sent to strike at the heart of the capitalist enemy the CIA after falling out over the Bay of Pigs to bagle where a CIA reported CP against
Castro had gone horribly wrong Kennedy had vowed to smash the CIA into pieces in general Kennedy’s agenda did not match the violently anti-communist agenda of the agency anti-castro Cuban militants angry with Kennedy for not supporting the Bay of PX Invasion and not taking hard enough line on Castro
Generally had close links with both the CIA and the Mafia the mafia claimed to have helped get Kennedy elected through their Union contacts after his election Kennedy and his brother went after the mob massively increasing the number of cases brought against them the mafia were also angry about Cuba since
Castro’s takeover had deprived them of massive business interest in casinos drug running prostitution Etc they had forged close links with the CIA and anti-castro Cubans conspiracy secret societies and Cults the FBI FBI boss J Edgar Hoover who acted like the power behind the Throne of the American state
Hated the kennedies and the kennedies wanted to get rid of him many conspiracy theorists argue that the most likely scenario is that a group of CIA anti-castro and Mafia elements got together to assassinate JFK and then used their contacts in the government and the law enforcement agencies to
Cover it up in recent years however there has been an emerging consensus that the most likely culprit was Lyon Johnson who effectively staged a coup and got away with it the evidence against him is compelling firstly there’s the Johnson was an ambitious and ruthless politician who resented the way he’d
Been sidelined as vice president when he might have expected to be part of Kennedy’s Inner Circle he was also up to his neck in Scandal having become embroiled in no less than four criminal investigations all of which conveniently faded away when he became President Johnson also had links with the
Military-industrial complex through his years of serving on various Congressional and Senate military defense committees and with leaders of the Texan oil and business Community Texas was his home state and power base secondly there are the means Johnson was associated with the convicted murderer Tex and Malcolm MC Wallace whose fingerprints have supposedly been
Identified on a cardboard box from the snipers nest in the Texas School Book Depository Wallace who had briefly worked for Johnson in Washington is suspected of involvement in a string of deaths linked to the Scandal surrounding Johnson and has been fingered by a variety of witnesses as having been
Involved in Kennedy’s death the accusation is that Wallace together with a number of other operatives assassinated the president at Johnson’s behest Johnson through his friendship with Jay Edgar Hoover his Assumption of the presidency and his contacts at every level of secret history federal and state government must also rank as one
Of the only people with the contacts and the cloud to pull off such a massive conspiracy and cover up how many people could have arranged for reduced security around the president on that faithful day how many people could have engineered the train of irregularity surrounding the subsequent investigation
At every level who appointed the Warren Commission which is generally agreed to have produced a whitewash it may be significant that Johnson originally ordered that all details of the commission’s investigation should be sealed until the midst Century Who removed Robert Kennedy from office and was still in power when Kennedy started
To run for president threatening to reopen the investigation into his brother’s assassination and was promptly gunned down by another lone gunman the lack of motive and strange behavior of Robert Kennedy’s killer Siran Sirhan including apparent memory loss has suggested to many conspiracy theorists that he was a victim of a CIA mind
Control/ brainwashing program as with aswald admittedly Johnson’s record once in office does not seem to chim with the image of a right-wing conspirator he pushed through pioneering civil rights and social welfare legislation and only reluctantly agreed to a slow buildup of US forces in Vietnam although this doesn’t change the reality that Johnson
Reverse Kennedy’s policy on Vietnam perhaps most crucially Johnson declined to stand for re-election for a second term inciting a wish to work for World Peace unincumbered by political consideration surely not the act of a man so desperate for high office that he would murder to reach it whoever is to
Blame for the Kennedy assassination and one of the few points of consensus amongst researchers is that it wasn’t Oswald alone they Protected Their conspiracy with an ongoing cover up that has seen a large number of suspicious deaths among JFK Witnesses and potential informants M Wallace for instance died
In a single car accident in so we’ll probably never find a definitive solution to the conspiracy secret societies and Cults mystery or identify the killer s from a wide range of suspects in the end Kennedy had simply made too many enemies they weren’t going to let him change the course of history
Because they wanted to direct it in the way they always had from the Shadows the Bilderberg Group 1954 to the present day most serious conspiracy theories agree that a cal of top politicians finers and businessmen meet behind closed doors to secretly run the planet for their own ends the current favorite candidate for
This clandestine gang is the Bilderberg Group which stands accused of all the worst crimes the conspiracy Community can invent it is said to be a capitalist zist secret society that has inherited the mantle of the Illuminati and plots the subjugation of the peoples of Earth for its own enrichment and power CRA the
Group has achieved such legendary status in conspiracy circles that it seems hard to believe it genuinely exists but it does according to a l Lord definition the Bilderberg Group is an informal annual convocation of influential political and economic leaders from Western Europe and North America which meets in strict secrecy bilderbergers
Describe it as privacy to network and discuss current and future world issues the group was started in by Dennis hey former British foreign minister Joseph ring a Polish Diplomat and anti-communist David Rockefeller International banker and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands the intention which Remains the Same today was to provide a
Forum in which influential opinion formers and decisionmakers from either side of the Atlantic could get together and discuss World issues without having to censor what they said because the meetings would be held behind closed doors and the proceedings kept in strictest confidence the first meeting was held at the Bilderberg hotel in the
Netherlands secret history a steering committee of annually varying makeup decides on the guest list for each year inviting about movers and shakers including established names and up and cominging ones invitees arrive at a chosen hotel in a different country each year where they engage in three or four
Days of meetings in which they can discuss present and future issues affecting the world no press is allowed although senior media figures including newspaper editors are often invitees and not surprisingly there is heavy security virtually everyone who is anyone in Western Europe and North America has attended over the years people are
Invited regardless of political affiliation although the preponderance of Business Leaders finers Aristocrats royalty Etc means that an awful lot of attendees are very rich for instance the guest list for the meeting included BP Chief John Brown US senator John Edwards World Bank President James wfin Zone and
Mrs Bill Gates the attendance of Edwards who at the time of writing has just been selected as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee in the American presidential elections illustrates a tendency to invite rising stars of the political firmament Bill Clinton for instance was invited in and used the meeting as a
Opportunity to network in Margaret thater made such an impact on American attendees that she subsequently became a firm favorite across the Atlantic so does the bber group constitute a global conspiracy many think so claiming that they decide for instance who will be the next president of America or which
Country will be invaded next serbians claim that the NATO campaign against their country was orchestrated and initiated by Bilderberg and it figures heavily in the rants of figures as diverse as Osama bin Lon David and Oklahoma City bomber Timothy MCB Bilderberg has dismissed these claims as ludicrous but admit that Bilderberg
Discussions formed the background against conspiracy secret societies and Cults which major policy decisions are often taken more specific instances leak out for instance during the fand’s War the British government wanted to secure support for sanctions against Argentina the International Community was cool on the idea but at a bber meeting British
Politician David Owen gave an impassion speech on the subject and shortly afterwards sanctions were agreed Bild bers also admit that attendance can help people’s careers and it is true that virtually every American president and British prime minister of the last 50 years attended a Bilderberg meeting early in their career conspiracy
Theorists would argue that this is not simply because the steering committee has an eye for talent even the most charitable assessment of the Bilderberg meetings which might view them as well meaning attempts to further the cause of rational internationalism in the words of journalist John Ranson must allow that Bilderberg meetings provide
Exclusive access to the world’s most powerful politicians for an incredibly elitist group of Rich capitalists which excludes representatives from the vast majority of the world’s population above all Bilderberg represents a capitalist agenda and capitalism could be said to emphasize selfishness short-termism and self-enrichment whether the builders like the characterization or not they
Closely approximate the description of a tiny Elite who decide world affairs from behind closed doors a secret Force shaping the course of history the fellowship the Christian right and US politics 1930s to the present day many of those who rant so vly about liberal Zionist conspiracies to subvert the
Constitution of the United States make and break president and will and direct the of global history to achieve their own dark ends are Ultra conservative fundamentalist American Christians how ironic secret history then that it should be a number of their own who actually fit this unlikely Bill disturbing evidence suggests that a
Shadowy Alliance of fundamental Christian groups have gained an increasingly strong hold on American politics to the point where they have selected as president one of their candidates raised Millions to get him into the White House and are now directing him in a bid to realize their own alarming dreams of making America a
Theocracy and triggering Armageddon in the Middle East there are many groups and organizations in America dedicated to Crossing or breaching the separation of church and state and the Christian right has become an increasingly powerful aboveboard political movement there are also some organizations with similar or even more extreme agendas
That strive to stay out of the public eye and one in particular known as the fellowship that almost exactly resembles the sort of clandestine Illuminati style Society of which conspiracy theorists warn the fellowship also known as the family and through a number of different suborganizations such as the National
Committee for Christian leadership or the national Leadership Council is basically the Protestant American equivalent of op Dei cpage it is an ostensibly humanitarian Evangelical organization devoted to furthering the teachings of Jesus or at least its interpretation of those teachings in governing circles like Opus Dei it is a Ministry that preaches almost
Exclusively to the rich and Powerful investigative reporters who pierce the Shi field of Silence that the fellowship has buil report that it is explicitly set up to infiltrate power structures around the world and bring business and political leaders into its orbit one of its favorite tools is the prayer
Breakfast and the annual National Prayer Breakfast held in Washington is its highest Profile Event exactly what else the fellowship gets up to can be hard to say because it serves as a kind of umbrella group to numerous smaller cells conspiracy secret societies and Cults which raise their own funds and pursue
Their own specific agendas Al-Qaeda which Loosely translates as the fellowship operates in a similar way among other operations the fellowship funds A Boarding House in Washington where several senators and representatives affiliated with the organization stay it also has extensive links to many other senior politicians and their staffs as well as leaders of
The oil and Aerospace Industries and prominent world leaders by bringing together such high-ranking people behind closed doors preaching the message of Jesus at them and exerting the personal influence that friends in high places can bring the leaders of the fellowship have helped to engineer some major diplomatic successes such as the Congo
Ru on the peace process over the years however the fellowships preferred Confederates have belong to much the same constituency as those targeted by op Dei right-wing hardliners with anti-communist credentials the fellowship has helped to Forge close links between leading Americans and such unsavoury characters as Brazilian dictator General Costa e Silva
Indonesian dictator General suaro Salvador and general Carlos Eugenio vies NOA a known torturer of hundreds and hunteran general Gustavo Alvarez Martinez onetime death squad leader in America the fellowship also seeks to advance the careers of a few chosen politicians who may helped to bring their Evangelical fundamentalist agenda
Into high office we work with power where we can says the family’s leader Doug Co and build new power where we can’t President George W bush is widely regarded as one such new power while he may not have direct links to the fellowship commentators have pointed to his close affiliation with some Hardline
Christian conservative groups such as the influential Council for National policy founded by best-selling author Timothy Le who has sold millions of his novels about the end times in which the biblical apocalypse takes secret history history place in our near future the CNP and another ly group The ominously named
Committee to restore American values were both involved in setting in motion Bush Jr’s bid for the White House apparently selecting him in what have been called King making meetings and then raising a substantial portion of the record-breaking campaign War chest that helped Bush to buy his way into the
Presidency through such groups bush has become identified as our man in the White House by Ultra conservative Christians including many like Le who are strict biblical reconstructionists Believers in the literal truth of the Bible and the need to actively prepare the world for the second coming if necessary by triggering the apocalypse
For instance Christian zionists believe the Bible makes it clear that all of Israel must belong to the Jews before the second coming can happen and that all the Palestinians must therefore be ethnically cleansed from the Holy Land the Christian reconstructionists want to turn America into a theocracy a kind of
Religious dictatorship where strict religious law applies EG abortionists and homosexuals should be imprisoned or executed these may sound like French groups but they or those close to them have the year of the White House and other senior government figures and in the light of the ultra Conservative Christian agenda it is Illuminating to
Reexamine many of the policies pursued by the Bush Administration since achieving office domestically bush is coming down hard on abortion and homosexual rights and ramping up the role of religion in government with faith-based policy initiatives on the international stage he supports controversial Israeli treatment of the Palestinians and portrays himself almost
As a holy warrior in the fight against terrorism while the invasion of Iraq should perhaps be seen in the context of Reconstructionist beliefs that Armageddon will be Unleashed from Babylon I Iraq increasingly it sounds as though Ultra conservative Christians are attempting to subvert constitutional separation conspiracy secret societies
And Cults of church and state in America and take control of us domestic and foreign policy some groups raise funds and mobilea support using methods fairly traditional to us politics others have a long history of secretly building a covered Coalition of ultra right religious and political interests from
Around the globe and pedling this influence to further their repressive agenda lining up alongside the G org p and Opus Dei American groups such as a fellowship have played their part in the secret history of of postwar anti-communism and may now be setting the agenda for the war on terror that
Has replaced that Crusade using the myth of secrecy and conspiracy ancient times to the present day reading investigating and weaving conspiracy theories can be extremely entertaining while keeping an open mind in relation to the true causes of some historical episodes can be Illuminating but any discussion of conspiracies secret societies and the
Like is irresponsible if it does not acknowledge the pernicious use and abuse of conspiracy theories to further bigotry sectarianism race hatred and even genocide throughout history all sections of society have made use of myths fictions and folk tales about secrecy and conspiracy in order to demon ethnic or religious groups with terrible
Results disturbingly the process continues to this day today there are hundreds of millions of people around the world who routinely and unquestioningly believe in absurd and demonstrably bogus conspiracies and use them to justify acts of violence and persecution the most obvious and consistent targets of these Slanders are
The Jews Jews have suffered persecution throughout their long history but particularly after the diaspora the scattering of the Jewish peoples around the world after the destruction of the Jewish states by first the Babylonians and later the secret history Romans thereafter Jewish communities in Europe in particular suffered waves of
Persecution with riots pilgrims and expulsions the sources of anti-Semitism are varied and complex but major contributors were the myths and legends about Jewish practices and conspiracies that were propagated throughout Europe the most dangerous of the Slanders was the blood Li the myth that Jews performed human sacrifices usually of
Christians for ritual purposes the legend first appears in Pre Christian times during the 0 Century BC when a Syrian Gentile claimed to have escaped from a covenant of Jews who had held him captive for a year planning to ritually murder him in medial times the blood
Liel took on a life of its own springing up around Europe where it was used to justify murderous riots against Jews in which debts could be written off and property stolen for instance in norw England in the gruesome murder of a young boy was blamed on Jews who were
Said to have used his blood to make matah UNL and bread the historian Thomas of Monmouth writing about the incident linked the ious murder to a global Jewish conspiracy in which the Jews were said to plan the murder of a Christian every year somewhere in the world for their own dark religious purposes
Similar conspiracy theories about the blood liel sprang up many times usually resulting in riots against local Jewish populations the blood liel later became part of anti-Semitic propaganda used in th Century Russia and th Century Germany to justify pgms and the Holocaust disturbingly it lingers on to this day
In the anti-semitic teaching of some extremist Islamic groups in for instance the Syrian Minister of Defense mustaf wrote the mat Z its cover depicts a typical blood Lial scene with grotesque Jewish caricatures ritually sacrificing a victim similar myths have also been used against other groups in Kosovo in four conspiracy secret societies and
Cults instance ethnic tensions boiled over when ethnic serbs accused Muslims of drowning a young Serbian boy in a river this incident is earily reminiscent of one in lawah France in where the town’s Jews were accused of murdering a child and throwing his corpse into the river the typical story
In a blood Lial incident the local conspiracy of Jews is kidnapping children and hiding them away for ritual torture and kidnap is also very similar to The Satanic ritual abuse scares of the S and to antimonic propaganda see below perhaps the most famous example of a fake conspiracy is the protocols of
The Elders of Zion cre late th Century forgery reporting to be the secret minutes of a series of meetings of Jewish s the elders in which they relate their plans for the Takeover of the world and the subjugation of all other peoples a typical extract from protocol article col and the administrators from
Among the public will easily become Pawns in our game especially bred from childhood to rule the Affairs of the whole world the protocols first surfaced in Russia in where they were used to help justify continued repression of Russian Jews even though they were almost immediately identified as forgeries their authorship has been
Traced to Matthew golinsky a violently anti-semitic reactionary propagandist in League with thear secret police in the London Times ran a series of Articles exposing glinsk Source it seemed that he had simply copied a track called dialogue in Hell written in by Frenchman morrice Jolie jol’s book is a fictional
Account of the plans for world domination being cooked up by Emperor Napoleon 3 kovinsky had adapted this anti-napoleonic diet drive into an anti-semitic one by copying it virtually word for word and replacing France with Zion and Napoleon with Jews bizarrely despite their initial and subsequent repeated unmasking as forgeries the
Protocols have acquired a life of their own and continually surface as evidence of Jewish secret history perpet and involvement in a global Illuminati style conspiracy the protocols have been brandished by anti-semitic writers from us industrialists Henry Ford and Hitler to modern day paranoia acts and conspiracy pedlers such as davidic and
Modern neonnazi groups they are also commonly touted by anti-jewish propagandists in the Muslim World in a copy of the protocols was displ as a real work in the museum of manuscripts at the Alexandria library in Egypt Dr YF Zen director of The Collection explains its inclusion on the basis that it has
Become a holy book for the Jew their Primary Law their way of life the assumption that there genuinely is a global Jewish conspiracy is widespread in the Muslim World finding recent expression in an outburst by outgoing Malayan prime minister Maher Muhammad in a speech on October Maher insisted that
Jews Rule the World by proxy they get others to fight and die for them the myth of Jewish conspiracy is alive and well and still being used to justify the killing of Jews much as it was more than common years ago the Affliction of bogus conspiracies is not restricted to the
Jews another group who have been Ted withp torial Slanders are the Freemasons their promotion of free thinking and anti- institutionalism naturally made them enemies among the traditional forces of church and state while public ey against them was stoked by perceived elitism and corruption in America where masonry was wildly popular during the
Early th Century public and establishment resentment boiled over in with the strange murder of William Morgan a disgruntled x-f Freemason Morgan was planning to publish the secret rituals of the Masons when he vanished a group of Freemasons were held responsible for the abduction and presumed murder but when they got off
Extremely lightly thanks to a CT and jury that included many Masons it triggered a wave of antimonic feeling politicians and churchmen jumped on the bandwagon and the antimonic conspiracy secret societies and Cults party was formed gaining considerable popularity many wild accusations about mic conspiracies were made and masonry in
America was shattered anti-masonry was also common in Europe finding its most powerful expression in a case similar to the protocols incident in the S Europe was scandalised by the shocking revelations of Dian Von an ex- High Priestess of the Masons who confessed that they were involved in orgies devil
Worshipping and a global conspiracy to subvert Christianity led by the Roman Catholic Church the antimonic clur was deafening but an English scholar a we revealed that the whole Von Affair was a hoax created by a pornographer called Leo taxel taxel later admitted that he had written the as a satire on the crul
Of the Catholic Church despite admirably proving his point taxel was to discover that like the protocols his creation had taken on a life of its own the revelations of the fictional V have surfaced many times since for instance in the antimonic rantings of fundamentalist Protestant groups in
America ironically given the role of the Catholic church in propagating antimonic fables Catholics themselves have often been the victims of this sort of dangerous slander false accusations about papist conspiracies have been used to justify cruel repression of Catholics in Britain from the time of the guner
Plot C page to the lies of titus’s popish plot C page to the Gordon Riots of hundreds of innocent Catholics were murdered during these es conspiracy theories can obviously be dangerous in societies under stress portions of the population who feel agreed or alienated will always be ready to blame the other
And eager to accept that responsibility for their failings and sufferings lies not within their own group but with a Sinister Kabal of subversive elements at the same time rulers and establishment figures find it convenient to divert the anger of their subjects secret history towards vulnerable and Expendable groups
The conspiracy theory is the perfect tool for achieving these aims since its currency is the clandestine it is effectively impossible to disprove evidence to the contrary can be dismissed as being part of the conspiracy itself as Injustice poverty and suffering on the one hand and despotism on the other increase in the
World we can expect to see more of the abuse of conspiracy theories the world of Espionage in the public imagination spies and secret agents are the quintessential actors in The Secret drama of history and while James Bond May belong to the realm of fiction there is little doubt that the
Unseen World of Espionage with its Spooks covered operatives and code Breakers has profoundly influenced the more visible aspects of History this chapter looks at Key episodes from ancient history to the recent past where the world of Espionage has had a particular impact whether through turning the tide of a battle
Safeguarding the life of a monarch or subverting the rule of a nation in some cases such as the interception of hasra message to brother Hannibal or Richard zark discovery of Japanese plans to wage war in the Pacific a single instance of brilliant intelligence work can change
The course of a war other instances such as Francis Walsingham superintendent of Elizabethan Intrigue or the World War II codebreaking work of the ultra project involved the work of the entire intelligence apparatus of a Nation over an extended period asterisk secret history Espionage and the Rise of Rome
27 203 BC from humble beginnings as a minor Mediterranean city state Rome became the most powerful Empire of ancient history a vast and enduring entity with a long shadow that stretches over Europe and the near East to the present day despite intense Roman propaganda to the contrary subterfuge
And secrety played an important part in both the creation of the Roman Emy and in the shifting power plays Among the Roman Elite spies in the Republic the Romans were relatively backwards at using Espionage and other intelligence apparatus especially when compared to their neighbors and Rivals for power in
The ancient Mediterranean and near Eastern World they never instituted a formal intelligence service throughout the long history of the Republic or the Empire and never moved Beyond a peace me approach to foreign intelligence gathering Roman intelligence expert Rosemary Shelton convincingly argues that the failure of the Republic to create formal intelligence institutions
Reflected the uneasy balance of power between the families that ruled Rome these families jealously competed for power wealth and Status making and breaking alliances and undermining their Rivals through scandal while one or other family might briefly gain ascendency none had sufficient power to create State intelligence institutions
That might be used by the ruling party against its Rivals instead each of the ruling Clans used private informal intelligence networks to keep an eye on competitors and try to undermine them this system helped to maintain the balance of power between the ruling Clans which in turn preserved the
Republican nature of Roman government for centuries in turn this Republican system was one of the great strengths of Rome helping her to grow from a local city state to a multinational power the world of Espionage Espionage in the Second Punic War ultimately however Rome’s burgeoning e gemy depended on its
Successes on the battlefield and while most of these can be traced to the power of the military machine two of the most decisive victories owed much to the forces of secrecy and subterfuge by BC Rome controlled most of Italy and her sphar of trading and political influence
Had grown large enough to come up against that of Carthage known to the Romans as the pony hence Punic a rival city state on the other side of the Mediterranean in modern day Libya which controlled territory in Sicily Sardinia Corsica southern Spain and huge suaves of North Africa the two Powers became
Rivals and the first Punic War BC was triggered by a carthaginian attempt to expand further in Sicily Rome was Victorious but defeat simply made the carthaginians redirect their territorial Ambitions towards Spain where they gained control of most of the Iberian Peninsula together with its mineral wealth and plentiful man power as
Carthage’s strength grew so did her ambition and her desire to crush Rome this ambition was personified by the preminent carthaginian family of Hamil carbara the general who had conquered Spain and who had raised his four Sons he said like lion welps inculcated from an early age with a vitory holic hatred
Of Rome Hannibal the most celebrated of hamilcar’s sons triggered the Second Punic War in by attacking a Spanish Ally of Rome and his subsequent transalpine March into Italy with his army of men and elephants remains one of the most famous military exploits of all time Hannibal’s highly trained highly
Disciplined Army aided by his effective use of spies and Scouts and cunning Battlefield rses won a series of crushing victories against more numerous Roman armies this sequence culminated in the Battle of secret history Cy BC where common men including the flower of the Roman aristocracy were slaughtered in a
Single day one of the highest death TOS ever recorded in a single day fighting Rome seemed to be in Desperate Straits but Hannibal lacked the resources to attempt an attack on the city itself it had recently been fortified and Hannibal having come by the difficult Overland
Route had no Siege engines and only a relatively small number of men hundreds of miles from home deep in enemy territory he could not deliver the killer blow that would end the war his one hope was to receive reinforcements and in BC after 9 years of inconclusive Warfare this finally became a
Possibility brother has dral having gathered an Army in Spain followed Hannibal’s own route into Italy picking up more recruits as he went if the two brothers could link up Hannibal could finally win the war guaranteeing carthaginian eony over the whole of the Western Mediterranean the news of HBL
Advance caused panic and fear in Rome two consols were elected and sent out at the head of new armies Lev salinator was sent North to meet hasal while CH claudus nuro was supposed to go south to meet Hannibal at this juncture however there occurred one of histories most
Important instances of what is known as sent signals intelligence in the world of modern intelligence Sig lies at The Cutting Edge of Science and Technology employing an array of ultra Advanced Ultra expensive Hardware from satellites and supercomputers to bugs and cameras to intercept and analyze Communications of All Sorts from Radio messages and
Telephone calls to emails and whispered conversations sent existed in the ancient world as well politicians and power Brokers used slaves as agents to listen into the conversations of Rivals and set watch on their Villas to see who came and went the architect of one leus Dr specifically offered to design his
Patron a villa constructed in such a way that he the world of Espionage would be free from public gaze safe from all Espionage and that no one could look down on it an early example of Counter Intelligence precautions sent was also of crucial military importance never more so than when the consel neuro
Intercepted secret messages sent by has dble to his brother explaining his line of March and detailing a proposal to meet up in South umbrea and then swing around to march on Rome the carthaginian dispatch Riders had successfully crossed most of Italy but fell into Nero’s hands at the last an intelligence coup that
Was to change the course of history in the ancient world armed with this knowledge he quickly realized that he must prevent the union of forces at all costs he led the greater part of his forces in a force March to the north to meet up with the army of salinator the
Combined Roman forces met with hbl’s army at the Battle of medur on the June BC and won an overwhelming Victory about common men were killed including hble himself nuro quickly returned to the South and prised Hannibal that his hopes had been dashed by throwing his brother’s severed head into the
Carthaginian encampment although he was to remain undefeated in Hannibal’s Italian Adventure was effectively over the Romans under a brilliant new general cpio Africanus opened new fronts first driving the carthaginians out of Spain and Sicily and then Landing an Army in Africa to attack Carthage directly Hannibal was recalled to Africa leaving
Italy in BC thanks to neuros Sant Carthage could no longer win the war further scal dugery on the Southern Shores of the Mediterranean would help to ensure that they lost it undercover agents and covered Ops in ancient Africa by BC the Second Punic War had shifted
To a new theater of conflict and the Roman general CIO African was bogged down in North Africa and threatened by a large army secret history Allied to Carthage under the nidian king cfax cpio knew that if he was to strike a decisive blow at Carthage and finally win the war
He would first have to deal with the midians subterfuge would be the key cpio needed to discover the layout of the nidian camp and the disposition of their forces and he used his top men as intelligence agents dispatching allegation to hold talks with cfax he attached a number of centurions
Disguised as slaves to gather information to protect the identity of one Centurion who had previously visited the camp cpio had him publicly caned a punishment that would never normally be Meed out to a high ranking person their cover intact the spies were able to wander the camp unchallenged while the
Legation jawed each time the legation returned to see cfax different centurions accompanied them until all of cio’s top officers were familiarized with the layout of the enemy camp using this information cpio was able to plan a sort of covered operation his intelligence showed that the camps were
More vulnerable at night so he launched an attack undercover of Darkness firing the tents and stationing his troops outside the Camp’s exits in the confusion the enemy soldiers were slaughtered as they fled the burning camps cpio had overcome a superior force and opened the route to Carthage itself
The Second Punic War was a finally balanced struggle for Emy of the Western Mediterranean between the two great powers of the day Rome and Carthage were evenly matched and the conflicts on both sides of the Mediterranean could have turned either way at Key moments however the forces of subterfuge played crucial
Roles in tipping the balance towards Rome she went on to her control of Italy Gul Spain Sicily and Africa and later expanded her sphere of influence eastwards to become the dominant power in Europe and the near East for centuries yet it is entirely possible that but for these key instances of
Successful Espionage Carthage would have prevailed and classical history would the world of Espionage have developed very differently today we still bear the marks of Roman influence in many aspects of our culture and Society from law religion and morality to place names National boundaries and languages if it
Weren’t for neuro sigin or cpos covered Ops how different might we be today Francis Walsingham Elizabeth and spy Master 1,53 1,590 after the fall of Rome the dark arts of Espionage endured centuries of relative stagnation in Europe Renaissance Italy with her closely packed city states constantly joying for
Power and influence was to prove the perfect environment for them to evolve once more the embassy became the heart of the intelligence gathering operation and ambassadors and ministers became skilled at developing networks of agents and informers and at the art of sending encrypted messages known as cryptography encryption is the translation of a
Message into a form that is unreadable to one who does not possess the code or Cipher use to perform the encryption as information gathered currency as a tool of power throughout Renaissance Europe encryption became more widespread and more important as did the counterart of decryption England in comparison to the
City state states of Italy was backwards in the Arts of Espionage but this was to change with the accession to the throne of Elizabeth the and the rise to prominence of Francis Walsingham Walsingham was to become the greatest spy master in Europe and his Mastery of the Dark Arts of Espionage would
Preserve England and her Queen from assassins plots and Invasion shaping the destiny of a Nation for centuries to come building Europe’s greatest intelligence Network Francis Walsingham was probably born into a Protestant family in Kent he attended Cambridge University secret history a traditional recruiting ground for spies from
Elizabeth and times to the present day for two years developing outspoken Protestant views but then left to study on the continent returning to England and do at this point wallingham probably at his first brush with Intrigue becoming involved in a minor way with an anti-catholic plot to put Lady Jane gray
On the throne the plot failed and the Catholic Queen Mary tutor ascended to the throne and began to persecute Protestants wallingham went into Exile once again and spent the next six years studying law and politics in Italy and Central Europe the perfect training ground for a would be spy Master here he
Honed his skills as a linguist and a student of human nature in addition to learning about cryptography and other aspects of SP craft in the Protestant Elizabeth the first ascended to the throne and wallingham returned to England he was elected to the House of Commons as an MP and came to the notice
Of Elizabeth’s Chief Minister William Cecil who had already established a small network of Agents Cecil offered position and wallingham began a long career of defending the queen and promoting the interests of the Protestant cause he already had a network of contacts on the continent which he used to keep Cil apprised of
Going on throughout Europe and he worked hard to build support for the cause of the Protestant hugenots in France and he was selected to become ambassador to France with mixed success he negotiated treaties for Elizabeth and provided refuge for persecuted hugenots but was simply an appalled bystander to the St
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of the hugenots in recall to England he was United made a member of the privy Council and appointed Secretary of State a post generally described as the equalent of foreign secretary and domestic and foreign intelligence Chiefs rolled into one over the next few years Walsingham developed the greatest spine
Network in Europe he chose talented young men from home particularly the world of Espionage favoring Cambridge as a recruiting ground it was from here for instance that he recruited Christopher Marlo the playright and poet other writers he employed as spies included William fer and Matthew Royston his
Patronage of the Arts extended to his support for a traveling group of players known as the queen man although they two were employed for intelligence ends sending him reports from the grand stately homes where they entertained Walsingham also undertook more foreign missions which helped him to recruit foreign agents such as jordano Bruno
Better known as the philosopher who was later burned at the stake for supporting copernican scientific theories he had over spies throughout Europe many of who set up their own subordinate Networks and paid for many of them out of his own pocket he had agents as far a field as
Constantinople alers and Tripoli he could also be ruthless in his pursuit of the Protestant cause and his persecution of the Catholics and was happy to torture suspects or capture agents to get information wallingham carefully cultivated spy network was the tool that enabled him to foil the numerous plots against Elizabeth Safeguard the
Interests of protestant England and eventually alter the balance of power in Europe the plots against Elizabeth in the late th Century England was in a precarious position and her new Queen in deadly Peril as a newly Protestant country England found itself in the Vanguard of the reformation and on the
Wrong side of the mass Catholic powers of Europe both France and Spain the two most powerful nations in Europe were desperate to see England return to the Catholic fold while at home much of the wealth land and power remained in the hands of Catholic families of the old
Aristocracy at first Elizabeth was able to stall the enmity of Spain and secret history France by offering a hope that she might marry into one of their royal families but as it became clear that her equivocation was just a delaying tactic their attentions turned to plotting to
Depose her and put a Catholic on the throne in the persecuted Catholics of England the plotters found natural allies and in the person of Mary Queen of Scots they found an obvious candidate to replace Elizabeth Mary had a prior claim to the throne through her grandmother elder sister of Henry VII
And Catholics who did not recogniz Henry’s divorce and subsequent remarriage to en buan mother of Elizabeth insisted that the English Throne was hers by right in addition she had previously been married to Lord darnley himself a claimant to the throne more to the point she was a devout
Catholic and had also been married to the dolin who would have been King of France so although she had been chased out of Scotland by hostile Protestant nobility and had fled to England to seek shelter from her cousin Elizabeth she posed a real and present danger to the
English Queen most of the Catholic plots against Elizabeth involved liberating Mary from the imprisonment to which she had quickly been committed and putting her on the throne if they suceeded England would once again fall into the Catholic sphere of influence ensuring that the Catholic Emy of Europe and the
New world would endure for generations to come waling had was determined not to let this happen and used his network of spies at home and abroad to discover plots in the making in Walsingham uncovered the rolfi plot Roberto D roli was a Florentine Banker working in
London who hatched a plan to link a Catholic Uprising in England with an invasion of Eastern England by troops from the Spanish Netherlands while freeing Mary Queen of Scots and marrying her to Thomas Howard Duke of norick the country’s leading Catholic nobleman roli traveled extensively to Rome and Madrid
Canvasing support from Philip 2 of Spain and Pope the world of Espionage Pas the 5th possibly wallingham agents in the foreign capitals scwi of the plot but the killer blow was dealt to it when one of rol’s Messengers was intercepted at do and incriminating letters were seized the conspiracy was un covered and
Although Rolie was abro at the time and thus avoided capture the Duke of nori was arrested found guilty of high treason and executed in do not for the last time wallingham probably exhorted Elizabeth to have Mary executed as well but she was wary of setting an uncomfortable precedent and instead Mary
Was kept under tighter guard and subject to still closer scrutiny in Walsingham spy ring uncovered another plot centered on Mary Francis th Morton son of one of Elizabeth’s couriers had become an ENT Roman Catholic and was caught up in a Franco Spanish plot that also involved Bernardino tooa the Spanish ambassador
To London and Cardinal James Beaton Mary’s own Ambassador in Paris the plan was for the Catholic Duke of G to lead an invasion force of English Catholic Exiles and troops from the Netherlands with the aim of putting Mary on the throne Walsingham had a double agent inside Mary’s French Embassy Cardinal
Beaten secretary Charles padet and a mole inside the French Embassy in London Henry fagett AKA jordano Bruno the Renegade priest and philosopher th Morton was acting as a go between for Mar and Beaton but exposed by the intelligence of wallingham Agents was arrested and tortured until he revealed
The details of the plot he was executed and Mendoza was deported the babington plot once again Elizabeth’s advisers and Parliament United in urging Elizabeth to execute Mary but once again she refused on the grounds that it wasn’t proven that Mary had been party to the plot but
She did sign into law acts that made it treasonable secret to even be associated with plots against her person Walsingham equipped with these new powers was determined that Mary’s next slip would be her last as we have seen wallingham already had double agents in Mary’s Camp helping him to
Keep watch on her in however he acquired another Gilbert gford a Catholic Exile who had been training at the English College in Rome a hot bed of anti- Elizabethan sentiment predictably Walsingham had eyes and ears there already one of his best agents Anthony Munday had infiltrated the college and
It was possibly through him that Walsingham first got wind of gford despite his religion gford was willing to take the Queen’s Shilling and become a double agent for wallingham known by the code name no do in a letter to his SP Master gford wrote I have heard of
The work you do and I want to serve you I have no Scruples and no fear of danger whatever you order me to do I will accomplish gford was as true as his word embarking on a double life as an agent for the Catholic cause traveling between
Catholic safe houses under a number of aliases including Cardin petro and cornelis and offering his services to the French Embassy in London wallingham probably knew that the French Ambassador Michelle de Castell now was holding correspondence for Mary thanks to his secret agent in the embassy Henry AKA jordano Bruno Gord offered to ensure
That the letters were smuggled into Mary under the very noses of her jailers he passed the letters to the local Brewer who supplied Charlie Hall Mary’s Place of imprisonment who would then wrap them in leather and hide them inside a hollow bung inserted into a beer barrel Mary’s
Servants would retrieve the letters and pass back responses in the same way now that Mary had a new way to communicate with her allies new plots were hatched in she wrote to Mendoza now Spanish ambassador to Paris and to Beaton urging a Spanish invasion of England they meanwhile were the world of Espionage
Backing a bold plan conceived by a Dashing Young English Catholic nobleman Anthony babington charismatic and popular babbington had attracted a Cod of zealous young Catholics and together they hatched the scheme to liberate Mary and assassinate Elizabeth followed by a general Catholic Uprising assisted by Invasion from abroad Walling soon had
Went of the Bingington plan possibly thanks to his agent Christopher Marlo who had been sent to the Catholic seminary in rooms under the cover of being a possible convert to Catholicism like the English College in Rome the seminary in rooms was a talking shop for anti- Elizabeth intrigues it was also
Home to John Ballard a Catholic priest from Cambridge who was a co-conspirator of babington Ballard made contact with menoa and beon and beaten Cipher clerk Thomas Morgan helped to introduce Ballard and Bingington to gford presumably under the watchful eye of waling Ham’s double agent padet Walsingham had every move in the complex
Game covered and very little happened without him knowing about it gford acted as a go between for Mary and babington but actually rooted their correspondence through Walsingham but Bingington was and encrypted his letter to Mary according to a cipher of his own invention this did not deter Walsingham
Who was acquainted with ciphers and encryption from his time in Italy and who had set up a cipher School of his own and employed leading linguists and Scholars such as Dr John D as Crypt analysts code Breakers his most accomplished Crypt analyst was another Cambridge graduate Thomas Phillips who
Soon broke babington’s code and revealed his plot wallingham had the original letter resell and sent on to Mary in the hope that she would reply incriminating herself fatally on July Mary wrote back to babington acknowledging his plan and pointing out the necessity of liberating her before assassinating Elizabeth lest
Her Jailer turn on her on secret history hearing the news the letter was duly intercepted and deciphered and this probably would have been enough to condemn Mary but wallingham was leaving nothing to Chance in addition to his skills as a cryp analyst Philips was also a forger of rare skill Walsingham
Had him add a postcript to the letter asking for more information as well as being more incriminating still wallingham hoped that the postcript would help him to secure the names of all the plotters involved babington may have smelled a rat because he did not take this baate but he did proceed with
The planning when he started to make arrangements to go abroad however the Trap was sprung although he initially evaded capture disguised as a commoner babington was eventually arrested on August by this time Ballard had been arrested and tortured both men together with five co-conspirators were horribly executed in London Mary was tried in
October and convicted on the evidence of the letters Walsingham personally helped to present the case against her still Elizabeth was reluctant to sign her death warrant but was eventually pressured into doing so wallingham quickly arranged for the execution and on the February Mary was beheaded the threat to Elizabeth’s person and crown
Post by Mary was ended and the Catholic forces ranged against her were deprived of the most obvious Focus for their plots but the threat to England was if anything even greater now Philip of Spain was Furious and about to crush the Protestant upstarts Walsingham turned his attention and his intelligence
Apparatus towards combating the Spanish Invasion threat foiling the Armada Walsingham spine Network had already helped to foil one threatened invasion of England in William of Orange a Dutch Prince engaged in a bitter War to free his country from Spanish occupation intercepted an encrypted letter sent by the world of Espionage Philip of Spain
To his half brother Don John of Austria describing a plan to invade England from the Netherlands William passed a message to his master Crypt analyst Philip Ben Marx who decoded it and passed it onto one of Walsingham agents Daniel Rogers for warned the English reinforced their defenses and The Invasion plans were
Called off now Philip Was preparing a much larger Invasion Force assembling a great Armada of ships to discover what was a foot in Spain Walsingham turned to a contact in Italy Coden named of do William ston was a Restless English Catholic with an abiding loyalty to his
Country of origin he had settled in Tuscany and the S using the sudum pompo pelg and befriended the Tuscan ambassador to Madrid who kept him informed of going on in the Spanish capital ston in turn passed some information on to Walsingham with whom he had corresponded since dot in the
Spring of having dealt with Mary Walsingham wrote to ston to offer him pound a year in return for becoming a fully-fledged agent ston passed on information about genos ships being sent to Spain and sent a Flemish agent of his own to Madrid the Fleming was to make
Contact with his brother who worked as a secretary to the Marquee of Santa Cruz the man Philip had put in charge of the Armada lists of men and materials made her way back to Walsingham showing that the Armada would not be ready to sail in England had another vital year to
Prepare what defenses she could using stonk intelligence Sir Francis Drake was able to launch a stinging attack on the Spanish Fleet at kis singing the king of Spain’s beard Drake fired 30 of great ships and sank two GES according to a letter from wallingham to ston the next
Year ston moved to Madrid himself to more closely supervised the intelligence gathering and when the Great Armada was finally ready to launch the forces of England were for warned and prepared in the event the weather played the greatest role in defeating the Armada but Cecil secret history his former boss
Recognized the import of Walsingham efforts telling him you have fought more with your pen than many here in our English Navy with their enemies helping to defeat the armad was to be Walsingham last great service for his queen mistrustful of his power and still resentful of the role he had played in
Forcing her hand over Mary Elizabeth removed him from office and ignored his petitions for compensation for the personal funds he had laid out on her behalf wallingham died two years later penniless but his legacy was priceless one of Philips agents wrote to him telling him the news secretary
Walsingham has just expired at which there is much sorrow in the margin of the letter Philips own hand comments there yes but it is good news here Philip perhaps was aware of the impact Walsingham skillful use of subterfuge and secrecy had had on European power politics and the extent to which his
Hidden Hand had had steered the ship of the English State safely through the dangerous shs of th Century religious conflict by foiling the plots against Elizabeth’s life and helping to defeat The Invasion threats of Spain and France wallingham had insured the Protestant future of England and swn the seats for
Her challenge to Spanish dominance in Europe and the subsequent emergence of Britain as a global Imperial power without his shadowy machinations the history of Europe and the world would have developed very differently the counter-reformation might have triumphed throughout Europe and the colonization of the world would have been a largely
Franco Spanish affair one man had genuinely changed the course of history Spies of Napoleon vs Spies of Wellington 1,796 1,812 the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars that followed them changed the nature of warfare for the first time entire nations were mobilized for Total War and entire populations
Were put under arms great armies ranged across Europe the world of Espionage moving between diverse theaters of conflict and waging campaigns on multiple fronts the command structures of these armies evolved into highly organized and professional staffs that controlled strategy tactics and Logistics and were crucial to the
Outcome of battles and the success of armies the natural Coral are of this new era of warfare was a new era of Espionage intelligence became a central concern for commanders and a common currency for the new style of command structure for the two most successful generals of the era Napoleon and
Wellington whose rivalry was destined to decide the fate of Europe Espionage was an indispensable tool their clever use of intelligence helped to make them legendary figures and determin the outcome of crucial battles and campaigns Napoleon secret weapons Napoleon relied on spies from the beginning of his career as France’s top General the
Campaign that helped to make his name was Italy do in March of that year Napoleon assumed command of atired and Demmer French army suffering the consequences of an extended and difficult occupation of the pedmont region he knew that a quick victory was needed to raise morale and prevent a
Complete collapse but he faced Superior numbers in the shape of both Austrian and pedones forces his plan was to isolate the pmes and force them out of the war allowing him to give his undivided attention to the austrians first he needed to sever the link between the two armies by overcoming a
Force led by the Austrian General arenta it was to prove a great Victory and the start of a long road to glory the usual account of the battle with Argento has it that the Austrian was delayed by muddled orders but it seems that Napoleon’s first major Triumph may have
Owed more to underhand methods overseeing his spine Network in Northern Italy was Napoleon’s agitant General landrier using his spies secret history as couriers landrier was able to secretly Channel K Franks about dollar million today to Argento who promptly threw the battle and retired from command shortly afterwards with Argento
Out of the way Napoleon was able to round on the P Mones and secure the region further lavish spending on collaborators and bribes helped to smooth the passage of Napoleon’s forces across Northern Italy to Venice but it is telling that when landrier was temporarily incapacitated by an old
Wound the little corsan had to resort to a lengthy Siege and a series of four battles over8 months to capture the Fortress of manua 3 years later Napoleon was back in Italy but this time he faced logistical problems having been unable to get enough artillery over the difficult Alpine passes to the
Astonishment of many he opted for a bold march on Milan which he knew to house a huge Austrian artillery Depot why bother with your own guns when you can capture the enemies to undertake such a move seemed like Madness for a force lacking artillery but Napoleon was acting on
Intelligence earlier in the campaign he had renewed contact with a spy who he had employed in his previous sour in Italy his tongue loosened by the promise of cash this spy revealed that the main Austrian force was at Turin and only common men with little working artillery
Were left to defend Milan knowing he would face only token resistance Napoleon marched on Milan and captured it Napoleon often used such intelligence without passing it onto his subordinates when it proved accurate his reputation for brilliant martial Instinct was enhanced adding to his Aura of infallibility and genius his authority
Over his Marshals was one of the elements that made him such an effective General sometimes Napoleon’s intelligence was wrong in which cases he tended to Simply blame a subordinate for not carrying out an order properly one of Napoleon’s greatest agents was a traitor from Strasburg Charles schulmeister an experienced Smuggler the
World of Espionage schulmeister had used his contacts and knowledge to help the French cross the RH in dot over the next few years stasbor became a center for espan activities by both the French and austrians a sort of Napoleonic West Berlin complete with double agents Exiles and kidnaps in schulmeister was
Detailed to spy on an important royalist Exile the Duke D hyen the Duke was considered to be a dangerous figure plotting against Napoleon from his base in Anheim across the Run schulmeister was able to tip off Napoleon spy Master G Mar Sab that the Duke had crossed the
Rine and was in Strasburg quickly dispatching a troop of men Sab was able to seize the royalist and C him off to Paris for execution having proved his credentials schulmeister was now employed for a far Grand Mission posing as a double agent which he likely was since he took steps to cover himself
With both sides in the conflict schulmeister was to approach the Austrian General Carl macbon liar at his HQ and all Napoleon was Keen to launch a campaign against the austrians in southern Germany but if the austrians and their allies could unite he would be outnumbered he needed to immobilize Ma’s
Force and then incircle and destroy it but as soon as ma Got wind of French movements he could easily slip away schulmeister job was to convince him not to posing as a Hungarian nobleman with access to the French headquarters schulmeister managed to convince Mac to
Employ him to spy on the French the Wy Smuggler fed back a stream of disinformation to the Austrian commander and convinced him despite the doubts of his senior commanders that the Austrian Army should stay put even after Napoleon had crossed the run and begun to encircle Mac schulmeister was able to
Convince him that the French were in fact withdrawing he also passed on false reports that the British had landed on France’s Atlantic coast and that Napoleon faced Rebellion at home thus Bamboozled ma fell straight into Napoleon’s secret history trap and was forced to surrender Napoleon reportedly
Told his staff all praise to Charles he was worth comment to me shul meister’s reward was to be made chief of police in Vienna after Napoleon had captured the city but this turned out badly after concluding a peace treaty on his terms Napoleon withdrew and schme was captured
By the returning austrians however he managed to escape their custody and returned to France where he was amply rewarded for helping to add to the legend of Napoleon and lived out the rest of his days in luxury Wellington’s gentleman spies thanks in part to his clever use of Espionage by Napoleon was
Master of much of Western Europe he had occupied both Portugal and Spain and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne but this was to be the beginning of the end for Napoleon as his Nemesis Arthur Welsley the Duke of Wellington entered the frey Wellington was to lead
A coalition of British Portuguese and Spanish forces through a protracted and bloody series of battles between Andy to some of his most important victories was use of intelligence in particular two kinds of intelligence sent and covered reconnaissance in early th century Europe sent meant intercepting enemy dispatches and breaking their codes the
French used codes of varying degrees of security in the field they initially used simple ciphers known as P chiers Buton they switched to a more complex Cipher known as the army of Portugal code tackling these codes was a unit led by General George scabble Wellington’s Chief cryptographer scabble assembled a
Team of Spanish Portuguese Italian Swiss and Irish soldiers called the Army guides the guides were recruited for their linguistic skills and local knowledge and became Adept at intercepting and deciphering enemy messages the world of Espionage scabble and his guides had no trouble cracking the French army p chiers and took only
Two days to decipher the army of Portugal code but at the end of the French adopted a new supposedly impenetrable code the great Paras Cipher where the P chippers had used a number code and the army of Portugal code a number code the great Paras Cipher used
Common numbers and came complete with a guide book instructing Cipher clerks on how to avoid The Telltale slips that often enabled the enemy to break a code for instance Crypt analysts often looked at the beginning and end of a message searching for repeated patterns that they could match to the usual forms used
To start and finish a letter EG names dates your sincerely Etc Cipher clerks using the Paras Cipher were instructed to add meaningless sequences of numbers to the ends of letters to confuse Crypt analysts scabble worked on the great Paras ciper for a year chipping away at
It using the smallest Clues to pierce a in its cryptographic armor occasionally captured letters included uncoded words or phrases while reports from his army guides and from Wellington’s exploring officers see below provided useful correlating information such as the names of regiments commanders and locations to which the intercepts might be referring
By July scav was able to decipher a message from Joseph bonapart to Marshall Marmont commander of the army of Portugal which had fallen into Wellington’s hands deciphered the message told Wellington that Joseph was marching to join Marmont with Comm a man while a force of Cavalry and guns under
Another French General Cafe ear was due to join him in the next few days Wellington had already been caught off by Marmont and was on the back foot but this intelligence allowed him to set a trap for the French at the subsequent Battle of salaman Wellington secured a
Complete victory over the army of Portugal secret history a still greater victory was to come in December the British intercepted a message from Joseph to his brother Napoleon again scabble was able to decipher it revealing a complete account of the French order of battle and plans using this intelligence Wellington planned and
Achieved a great victory at Victoria finally resting control of Spain from the French as an added bonus Joseph’s coaches were captured along with his copy of the code tables for the great Paras Cipher complimenting the work of scav army guides was an Elite Class of cover operatives who carried out extremely dangerous reconnaissance
Missions Behind Enemy Lines known as exploring officers these men were sent to sketch and make notes on the lay of the land and the disposition of enemy troops and defenses the greatest of these exploring officers was Lieutenant Colonel khh Grant perhaps the Napoleonic er’s closest equivalent to James Bond
Grant was a Fearless intelligent and honorable officer he refused to work in Disguise and insisted on wearing his highly conspicuous red uniform even when deep in enemy territory by doing so he clearly set himself apart from Mere vulgar spies apart from anything else this meant that he would not be
Summarily executed if captured but treated as An Officer and a Gentleman on April Grant and a local guide were scouting behind Enemy Lines when they were surrounded and captured the guide was promptly shot but Grant was delivered to the French headquarters and entertained by Marshall Marmont himself
Trusting that his capts would adhere to the traditional rules of the gentlemanly conduct of War Grant agreed to sign his parole this was a document wherein the captor agreed not to try to escape it meant that he could be allowed a certain degree of Liberty rather than being
Chained in a dungeon Grant calculated that as a Broly he would find it much easier to pass messages back to Wellington the French however were duplicitous they knew what a dangerous man Grant was and were determined to get rid of the world of Espionage him he was
To be sent back to France where according to a letter written by General de martiner to the minister of War he should be watched and brought to the notice of the police the meaning of this would have been clear to anyone who read it Grant was to be turned over to the
Police who unconstrained by military codes of conduct would treat him like a Common Spy unfortunately for the French Grant himself contrived to see a copy of the letter which the martiner had failed to encode judging that it allowed him to abrogate his parole Grant escaped disguised himself as an American officer
And made his way to Paris in the company of a French General once there he sent a stream of intelligence back to Wellington before finding his way back to England and rejoining his commander in Spain thanks in part to the Sig and tactical intelligence provided by his crack intelligence units Wellington was
Able to drive the French of Portugal and Spain and chased them into southern France the peninsula War Saed the strength of Napoleon’s Army and led to his downfall not long afterwards Wellington spies had triumphed over napoleons Sant the Battle of tanenberg and the Russian Revolution 1914 perhaps the single most important instance of
Signals intelligence turning the course of a battle a war and history itself is the World War I battle of tanenberg this extraordinarily disastrous defeat for the Russians effectively determined the course of the war on the Eastern Front though not before helping to ensure the long agonizing continuation of the
Western Front and playing a role in triggering the Russian Revolution on the Western Front the Germans were enjoying great success forcing the French and British back almost to the gates of Paris the French exhorted their Russian allies in the East to secret history enter the war quickly and thear ignoring
Warnings that his troops were not ready ordered his armies in the north to move on Eastern Prussia although the Russian forces outnumbered the German forces facing them they were poorly equipped poorly trained poorly supported and poorly led the Germans by contrast were mobile fast and effective despite this
The initial Russian Advance into German territory seemed to meet with some success on August the first Army under General renan Camp Advanced on the town of guman in East Russia and forced the outnumbered German eth Army under General von pritz to fall back during the Russian Advance however two crucial
Events had occurred to set the wheels of history in motion the first event was the capture by the Germans during an initial Skirmish of Comm Russian prisoners including a staff officer interrogation of this man produced the Priceless intelligence that radio communications between the first and second armies and their command center
Northwest Army HQ was all done and Clare IE without being encoded or encrypted in any way by turning their anteny in the direction of the Russian HQ the Germans could EES drop on their entire signals traffic the second event was that the first and second armies became separated
Renan Camp had pressed westwards without waiting for the second Army under general samn which struggled to get underway and found the going hard suffering in particular from a lack of supplies in fact after a few days marching samn was forced to divert South to try to secure his supplies increasing
The gap between the two Russian forces the original Russian plan had called for Ren a camp and samn to use their troops to surround the massively outnumbered German eth Army but instead of a united front the Russians now found themselves advancing separately through difficult country the second Army in particular
Was moving through treacherous Marshland and the world of Espionage was thus forced to concentrate into a narrow column unable to bring their full strength to bear on any Germans they might meet while renan Camp settled into new HQ at gumen apparently satisfied that he had dealt a stunning blow to the
German Army Northwest Army HQ fired off an increasingly exasperated at series of messages to samn urging him to close the gap to the listening Germans this intelligence suggested a bold maneuver instead of dodging encirclement by the Russians the eth Army could concentrate its entire strength in the South and
Assault the struggling Russian second Army dot in a brilliant plan conceived by staff officer Max Hoffman a thin screen of Cavalry would be left to deceive Ren and camp in the north while the rest of the German forces would incircle samn in the South Hoffman Superior Von prit witz had panicked in
The face of renan Camp’s initial advance and had since been replaced by Von Hindenberg and his chief of staff the popular Eric Von lorf who soon approved Hoffman’s plan to put it into effect however the Germans needed reserves to cover their rear and in a faithful decision the Comm in Chief Von Mala
Agreed to release four Reserve divisions from the Western Front for service in the East Von malka believed that the battle in the west was nearly won and that Paris would soon be his but in fact the German Advance was halted just miles km short of Paris and without the
Precious Reserve divisions the Germans were unable to force the issue and prevent the Western Front from degenerating into a stalemate if the reserves had not been diverted to the east might the Germans have forced the French and British to make terms and close the Western Front before the
Americans ever entered the war how many lives would have been saved radio intercepts by the Germans provided them with a clear picture of the disposition of Russian forces and by August their own units were in place and battle commenced secret history German artillery rain down on the Trap Russian
Forces and although they fought bravely there was nowhere for them to turn the second Army disintegrated as troops tried to escape through the marshes where they drowned or were cut down by the encircling Germans over 5 days of fighting the Germans inflicted Comm casualties and took over common
Prisoners as well as huge quantities of guns and ammunition samn committed suicide after celebrating the victory at the nearby Village of tanenberg scene of a legendary early medieval German defeat now to be commemorated as a shrine to German military Brilliance the eth Army then turned North to deal with renan
Camp the crushing defeat at tanenberg was to have dire consequences for the future in both Russia and Germany as Russian casualties and bagle troops straggled back from the front they brought with them reports of the incompetence of the aristocratic officer class and their contempt for the peasant Canon fod they commanded the disastrous
Defeat fueled popular discontent and touched off the process that would lead to Revolution 3 years later Germany acquired two new heroes in the shape of Von Hindenberg and Von lorf who eventually became the country’s defect rulers the German Victory achieved against overwhelming odds attained legendary status and was used as a
Potent rallying symbol by the fascists campaigning to restore German Pride amidst the postwar depression rarely has Battlefield Sig had such widespread and far-reaching consequences Richard zarar Rush’s Master spy in World War II 1930 1944 the spies whose stories are told in this section are among the very few who
Can genuinely claim to have changed the course of history perhaps uniquely among them the unparalleled Espionage work of Richard Zara could have achieved this no the world of Espionage less than three times as it was only one of his mous discoveries was acted upon but that was
Enough to turn the course of World War II zargo was the son of a German oil engineer working in Russia and returned to Germany as a child and fought in the German army during World War I his family had strong links to Communism his grandfather had served as private
Secretary to Carl marks and the young Zar immersed himself in communist Theory and he became one of the first members of the German Communist Party his talent and revolutionary Zeal brought him to the attention of the comeon turn communist International an organization dedicated to spreading the re around the
World which also served as a fertile recruiting ground for the Soviet Secret Services zargo was selected to go to Moscow for training and it was sent to California to organize communist cells in the film industry working undercover as a teacher here he proved his organizational skills and on his return
To Russia he was tapped by Jen Briton head of the gru the Soviet Military Intelligence Agency Briton had spotted the potential of this bride organized charming and dedicated German who spoke several languages and had little trouble picking up more he would make the perfect spy inaro was sent to Shanghai
Where he post as a German or occasionally American journalist and succeeded brilliantly in developing a network of Agents assets and informance throughout China as well as sending back useful information about the developing politics of mung and Shang kek Zara also picked up Priceless information about German relations in the Far East in
Particular he discovered that Germany and Japan were to sign the anti-common turn pact bringing to life the Soviet nightmare of hostile neighbors encircling the still fragile communist state inaro was relocated to Japan as well as information on the intentions of the increasingly militaristic regime Japan secret history also offered a way
To spy on Germany which would have to consult with its new Ally on important plans and decisions spying in Germany itself had become almost impossible now that it had become a police state but the Nazis would prove more vulnerable on the other side of the world to perfect
His cover and help make contacts once in Tokyo zargo returned to Germany and post as an ardly Nazi journalist he used his considerable charm to make friends with leading Nazis in the propaganda Ministry and with their backing was soon able to secure a post as Japanese correspondent
For the newspaper Frank FR sidun once in Tokyo he cultivated contacts in the German Embassy especially with the military adese Colonel Eugene who later became the German ambassador Zara also set up a network of Japanese contacts using clandestine Communists some of who were well placed in government or
Society over the next few years Zara discovered an enormous mass of information which was passed on by radio to Russia and he alerted his controllers to the signing of the German Japanese pack which further strength the ties between the two powers and in early he got wind of news of the utmost
Importance his German military contacts let slip word of operation Barbarosa the German invasion of the Soviet Union on March he sent Moscow microfilm of German foreign office documents indicating an attack in mid June and on June he was able to radio the exact date of the planned Invasion one of his sources
Colonel kmer the new military atese at the embassy actually told him that Germany had completed her preparation on a very large scale incredibly despite this and a flood of intelligence from other sources Stalin chose to ignore the threat and dismiss warnings as disinformation the Germans duly invaded and destroyed the unprepared Russian
Forces zargo was Furious but lured on his next intelligence bombshell would not go un heated perhaps duee to his accuracy the world of Espionage over operation Barbarosa in October Zar discovered that the vacillating Japanese government had finally made up its mind about where to go to war the Germans had
Been pressing their Oriental allies to attack Russia and open an Eastern front for the Soviets and a number of Divisions desperately needed to stem the Relentless German Juggernaut in the west had been pinned down on the Pacific coast waiting for such an assault but influential voices in the Japanese
Cabinet had been pressing for the conquest of Malaysia and other Far Eastern regions so as to provide Japan with vital raw materials this faction had won out and zargo was able to report that the Japanese had decided against an attack on Russia pinning all their hopes on the trustworthy of their Master spy
The Soviet leadership removed virtually all its forces from the East and hurled them into the frey in the west the fresh Siberian divisions unfaced by the brutal winter weather halted the German Advance just miles from Moscow turning the tide of war the unprecedented defeats LED Hitler to sack his senior field
Commanders and take personal charge of the campaign with disastrous results the course of the war on the Eastern front and possibly as a whole was decided by Zara’s intelligence by now the net of Japanese Counter Intelligence was closing in anzara a leading Japanese communist had been arrested in and his
Interrogation had eventually led the kempi Tha the Japanese secret police to zarus top Japanese assets they in turn would leave D Zara in late October the kai Tai were finally on his tail but by then Zara had discovered one last Earth shattering Revelation the Japanese would launch their Pacific Campaign with a
Preemptive strike on American forces at Pearl Harbor in December Zara passed this information onto his radio operator for transmission but before it could be sent the operator was arrested and shortly afterwards Zara himself was picked up he was kept alive in prison for 3 years but Stalin refused to trade
A secret history Japanese agent for him possibly because zargo was one of those who knew of Stalin’s culpability for failing to preempt the Nazi invasion and then he was hanged zarus ESP had saved the Soviet Union despite the obstruction of his Masters could it have done the
Same for the Americans at Pearl Harbor it’s possible that Stalin eager to have more allies join the war would never have passed on the information to the US what is not in doubt however is Zar status as one of the greatest spies in history Enigma and the ultra secret 1939
1945 operation Ultra was the super secret program to decrypt German Enigma codes used to encrypt almost all of their radio traffic it was the key to Allied Victory against Germany and became the most heavily guarded British secret of the war careers and lives perhaps even whole cities would be
Sacrificed in the operation to keep the ultra Secret Safe many would argue that Ultra is the single best piece of evidence for the argument that the key battles of the war were fought and one in secret the German Enigma system was based around the Enigma machine regarded at the time as the ultimate
Cryptographic device invented in by the German Arthur scarus the Enigma machine employed several of the most up-to-date Technologies available to mention is the process of encryption whereby a message is converted into code an Enigma machine looked like a portable typewriter with a typical set of keys and a set of letter
Lights that mimic the keyboard called the lamp board typing one of a keys sent an electrical signal through a complex pattern of wires until it arrived at one of the lights on the lamp board which would be illuminated the exact pattern of wiring was determined by a series of
Wheel light scramblers which revolved slightly with every keystroke this meant that typing the same letter several the world of Espionage times with light up a series of different letters on the lamp board each one encrypted according to a different Cipher if you knew the initial setting of The Machine you could set up
Your machine in the same way type in the encrypted message and the decrypted letters would flash on the lamp board if you didn’t have the initial settings which were determined by top secret heavily guarded code books you would have to work through more than 10,000 trillion possible combinations of the
Scrambling system to decrypt the message even assuming you knew the exact structure of the machine you would then have to repeat this effort for each new message you wanted to decipher after World War I it emerged that the Allies had enjoyed considerable success in Breaking German codes and reading their
Radio traffic the German military were horrified and inheld and inquired into how to avoid the mistakes of the past and improve their cryptography scarious device was selected as the best option and over the next few years his company scarus and Ritter supplied overom Enigma machines to the German government Allied
Crypt analysts listening into German diplomatic and military radio traffic noticed the difference almost immediately and they began to intercept radio messages that could not be deciphered and soon they were forced to admit de feat the Germans had the best system of cryptography in the world German radio security was complete their
Cod’s unbreakable as War loomed the Allies realized they were in trouble fortunately both the French and polish intelligence Services were able to make important breakthroughs in the pre-war years the first Enigma armor was provided by a German informant Hans Schmid ined affected clerk at cryptography headquarters in Berlin
Schmid was cultivated by a French secret service agent who paid him a halfy sum in return for a look at documents explaining the construction of the Enigma machine using the agent microfilm secret history of the documents it should have been possible for the French to construct their own Enigma but this
Was only a first step somehow a cryp analyst would need to work out the initial settings used to encrypt any Enigma message and the French Crypt analysis service declared this to be impossible the Polish intelligence service refused to admit de feat under a post-war agreement they and the French
Shared intelligence and the French were happy to turn over their findings on Enigma which the polls used to build an enigma replica using the replica machine as a start point a brilliant young mathematician named Maran risi pulled off the intellectual t a force necessary to break the Enigma codes the main
Weakness in any system of cryptography is repetition some elements of messages are invariably repeated the Enigma machine was supposed to account for this flaw but riski through a combination of genius and hard work was able to discover a way of spotting repetitions in an encoded message and use these to
Work out the initial settings of the machine that had sent it from there he could decrypt the messages it generated risi and his team constructed modified versions of the Enigma machines that they called bombs possibly because of the clicking noise generated by the internal switches these functioned as
Primitive computers and speeded up the process of decryption by the PS were reading all German radio traffic but over the years the machines received upgrades such as extra Scrambler wheels that exponentially increased the number of possible settings a crypt analysts had to work through and the Germans
Began to use a new Cipher every day risi didn’t have the resources necessary to crack the new tougher codes and just when they needed it most the polls lost the ability to re German signals given the increasing anti-polish rhetoric coming from the nais it was just a matter of time before they invaded
Desperate to preserve the fruits of their labors polish intelligence presented two replica enigmas and the the world of Espionage plans for the bombs to British intelligence who managed to smuggle them out of Poland just two weeks before the Germans marched in now the Baton passed to British intelligence who were in the
Process of revamping their codebreaking apparatus a new organization was formed and based at a Victorian manner house called Bley park it was to be called the government code and Cipher School gcn CS often referred to as the golf cheese and chess Society or according to its official designation station X the
Modley crew recruited to work at Bley Park have since become legendary figures in the secret history of World War II they included some of the brightest and most Ecentric men and women in Britain such as Alan during the genius considered the father of the modern computer and Ian Fleming creator of
James Bond others were chosen for their skill as Chess Masters linguists or by running a crossword competition in the Daily Telegraph the prize was to be pressed into by the GC and CS equipped with the Polish replicas and bombs which during improved the blle park bins developed a host of their own methods
For cracking the Enigma codes many of these were based on the poor practice of the German Cipher clerks operating the machine who could be followed around the battlefields of Europe by listening out for their distinctive radio signatures known as fdia syncis in the way they operated the mors code Keys many of
These clerks were lazy or pressed for time and so would use shortcuts when setting up their machines at the start of the day for instance clerks had to set their own message key sequences of letters supposedly chosen at random that were used to set the Days codes some
Clerks would simply pick three letters that were next to each other on the keyboard another would use the initials of his girlfriend these shortcuts became known as SES a variant on the SES were kisses where hardpressed operators used the same message Keys two days in a row
Later in secret history the war Bley Park would develop the first electronic computer Colossus to speed up decryption still further by the time the Germans launched their Blitz Creek on France the blle park Crypt analysts were able to routinely read the Enigma codes used by
The L Waffa which made use of a less sophisticated version of the machine and whose operators seemed more casual about secure procedures the overall code name for the Enigma codebreaking operation was Ultra almost immediately Ultra proved its worth as German forces stormed across the local countries and
France the British knew many of the details of their operations and plans although the belard expeditionary force was not able to do much about them British High command at least had advanced warning that a mass evacuation was likely to be necessary helping them to pull off the implausible heroics of
Duner as German eyes turned towards Britain Ultra would prove to be even more valuable for instance on June Bley Park decrypted a lwaa message referring to a bent leg being directed at Britain this chimed ominously with intelligence picked up from captured German Airmen who had been heard discussing a new
Radio guidance technology used by the lwaa the experts scoffed but Churchill who placed great Reliance on Ultra decrypts insisted that the matter be looked into the RF sent up a plane equipped with radio sensors and discovered that there was indeed a radio beam directed over the Rolls-Royce
Factory in Derby where RF fighter plane engines were made German bombers were planning to Simply follow the beam to this vital Target a basic jamming technology was developed and the lwaa plans were thed later in the war the Germans would develop more sophisticated versions of this radio being guidance
Technology and the British alerted by Ultra intercepts would devise ever more ingenious ways of jamming them in what became known as the battle of the beams the result was a dramatic fall in the accuracy of German bombing the world of Espionage through the summer of the Germans developed their plans for
Operation celan the invasion of Britain the lwaa was to play a key role for no Invasion would be possible without control of the air alra picked up a series of messages that revealed every detail of the lwaa plans and the disposition of their forces when the air assault was launched on August code
Named Alder tag Eagle Day by the Germans alter intercepts in conjunction with radar technology cpage were able to alert RF command to the timing and location of the left waffer raids air Chief Marshall doubting was able to direct his thin resources to meet the German threat and the onslaught was
Beaten back as the Battle of Britain continued the Germans were shocked to find that the RF seemed able to anticipate their every move L waffle losses mounted alarmingly and on September Bley Park intercepted a message ordering the cancellation of operation celan while blle Park achieved great ESS against the lwa Enigma codes
The Creeks Marine German Navy codes proved much harder to crack Creeks Marine Enigma machines had extra Scrambler wheels and Naval operators had much better security discipline able to operate in Total Security the uot fleet red havoc on Allied Shipping throughout and the start of dot the loss of
Shipping came close to Bringing Britain to her knees demonstrating the desperate importance of codebreaking ability a series of Daring and ingenious Navy operations such as the capture of German weather observation trollers complete with their code books the capture of a uot and its Enigma machine and a clever
Practice called gardening where the Navy seated mines and listened out for German radio signals warning of their locations in the process giving away their system of encoded grid coordin helped to crack the ceks Marine codes the benefits were dramatic Ultra intercepts were able to guide the British Navy to OT Supply
Ships in the south secret history Atlantic and helped locate the Bismark during the Epic hunt for the dangerous German battleship in combination with other Technologies such as aerial photography sonar and radio intelligence which involved tracking the sources of radio transmissions and analyzing the pattern of radio traffic Ultra helped to
Win the battle of the North Atlantic in overcoming the OT Menace and maintaining Britain’s vital supply lines the key to alra success was secrecy if the Germans discovered that their radio Transmissions were not secure they would change their systems and Britain would lose its ability to e drop the military
Went to extraordinary lengths to ensure the secret was kept but that vital intelligence could still be passed on to those who needed it a protocol was instituted to achieve this based around special Le on units slus these were small teams of Junior officers briefed on the ultra secret who were then
Attached to other units blle Park could pass information to them in strictest confidence and they would then deliver the message to the early on commander in person destroying it afterwards and if necessary telling the commander how he could or could not use the info to communicate with the slus GC and CS
Eventually developed its own brand of super secure Enigma machine a device called the typex coding machine so secret that its design remains a mystery to this day a key element of the SLU secrecy protocol was that a covered story for the intelligence must be created for instance a spotter plane
Would have to be sent up to identify targets even when their exact location was known so that the Germans would not become suspicious in one notable incident this plan nearly went to but Ultra saved its own skin in the Navy Guided by Ultra intercepts that revealed their course and timing was regularly
Intercepting Supply ships and tankers heading for North Africa to resupply raml Africa core care was always taken to send up a spotter plane first to provide the world of Espionage a plausible source for the British intelligence but on one occasion the Navy showed up despite a fox so thick
That no spot plane could possibly have been in operation the Germans were suspicious but thanks to further Ultra intercepts the British were alerted that German military intelligence in Italy was calling for an investigation of a possible security breach they quickly sent a message in a code they knew the
Germans could read congratulating a non-existent Italian spy on his helpful information regarding the Supply Convoy the Germans were reassured that their codes were safe and instead blamed their Italian allies for the breach quick thinking wasn’t always enough sometimes keeping the ultra secret required sacrifices partly thanks to Ultra air
Chief Marshall doubting had won the Battle of Britain despite being heavily outnumbered but doubting had rivals in the RF who not being privy to the ultra secret could not understand his tactics which made little sense without the vital intelligence when air Chiefs held a post battle meeting to thrash over the
Lessons of the past few months doubting Chief rival Trafford Le mallerie sent his Squadron leader Douglas Bader to fight his Corner when Bader challenged doubting the senior man felt unable to reveal the ultra secret to a junior officer and could not justify his position his reward was to be sacked and
Replaced by Lee mallerie according to one version of the ultra story an even greater sacrifice was made by the citizens of covantry when a German Enigma operator sending a message about a bombing raid mistakenly sent the name of the Target and Clair unencrypted the British discovered that the lwaa was
Headed for Coventry to evacuate the city would have given the game away so the citizens of Coventry were left to suffer the attack however other versions of the story refute this and claim that the event never happened secret history magic and the war in the Pacific while
Ultra helped to win the war in Europe guiding the Allies in their development of the overlord plan for the D-Day invasions and ensuring the success of the deception operation surrounding Overlord C the D-Day deception page the Americans enjoyed their own Crypt analysis successes in the Pacific Theater the American equivalent to ultra
Was Operation magic which centered on the successful attempt to crack the Japanese coding machine that the Americans called Purple although magic had failed to forwarn the Americans of the Pearl Harbor attack it achieved some pivotal successes most notably the Battle of Midway in june. Magic intercepts revealed the Japanese plan to
Fake an attack on the uan islands while securing their true objective Midway Island the US Navy pretended to be taken in but lingered nearby when alerted by further magic intercepts that the attack was underway they fell on the surprised Japanese and crushed them in a battle
That turned the tide of war in the Pacific Admiral limits described Midway as essentially a victory of intelligence another CP for magic was the killing of Admiral Yamamoto in do Crypt analysis revealed the Admiral’s itinerary during a visit to the Solomon Islands Yamamoto was renowned for his punctuality so the
Americans dispatched a squadron of Fighters to meet his plane and shoot it down thus removing one of Japan’s most effective commanders the end of ultra from the beginning of the war until its end the Crypt analysis effort was a vital Cog in the Allied War Machine some claimed that Ultra was the decisive
Factor in the Allied victory in Europe it almost certainly helped to shorten the war According to some estimates without ultra’s help in the battle the world of Espionage of the Atlantic the UB boats would have continued to Allied Shipping with the effect of delaying The dday Invasion attempt for
Months or even years the ultra secret was kept for decades after the war partly because Britain had distributed captured inigma machines to its former colonies without mentioning that British intelligence would now be able to read all their radio traffic GC and CS was disbanded and the entire Ultra project
Was dismantled with every scrap of evidence relating to it destroyed including the Colossus computer British bins were not even allowed to claim credit for having invented the first computer and had to watch their counterparts stealing all the glory with their postwar and I machine invented a full two years after Colossus not until
The S when commonwealth countries had moved onto more sophisticated ciphers was the truth allowed to come out the Iran Contra affair 1985 1986 America CIA has only been in existence for around 50 years but in that time it has acquired a reputation for covered interference in the Affairs of Nations around the globe
Resorting to troop training arm smuggling torture drug trafficking assassination and terrorism to further the perceived interests of the United States most of these activities have remained holy or partially secret but occasionally the agency dark dealings are exposed to the harsh glare of public scrutiny most famously during the
Scandal over the Iran Contra affair newspaper articles and official investigations revealed detangled Saga of illegal arms trading moneya laundering and subversion against a democratically elected government in a CIA operation that spiraled out of control to include drug smuggling terrorism and murder the Iran Contra affair happened in part because Ronald Reagan’s Ultra conservative
Administration did not have control of Congress the Democratic majority in Congress secret history opposed many of the ran administrations more Hardline foreign policy moves in particular its desire to fund right-wing opposition groups in Latin America in their struggle against perceived communist or communist friendly groups senior Administration officials in cahoots with
The CIA decided to do it anyway anti-communism was The Guiding concern of the Reagan administration’s foreign policy and nowhere was this trer than in Latin America the US has a long tradition of meddling in the politics of Latin America forcing regime change and even assassinating dislike leaders without much regard for international
Law on the basis that it is America’s backyard in for instance the CIA forced the democratically elected president of Guatemala to stand down after he dared to challenge the activities of us multinational United fruits a campaign of death threats propaganda and other psyops D stabiliz the country until a
Right-wing coup could be launched with the help of CIA operatives American mercenaries and US money and guns the result was the installation of an oppressive rightwing regime that spent decades terrorising its people in the CIA set up the assassination of Rafael truo dictator of the Dominican Republic
After he began to make life difficult for American business interests there in the CIA carried out terrorist acts trained and armed fascist paramilitary groups and carried out extensive psyclops to help bring down the government of Salvador aende General pette became dictator and the CIA helped him to liquidate thousands of perceived
Radicals the right-wing dictatorship lasted four years during the S the us became embroiled in a drawn out Civil War in El Salvador where leftist Rebels were in conflict with the usback right-wing government across the border in Nicaragua elections returned to power the Socialist santinist Party threatening to create a new communist
Power base in the region soon the sists were accused by the US of funding the world of Espionage the Salvadorian Rebels and the Americans started to look towards the Contra revolutionary or contras a rightwing paramilitary group engaged in Insurrection against the elected government from the CIA started
To train the cont for their role as ass gates in the country but the group mainly composed of holdovers from nicaragu former Sosa dictatorship proved to be unsavoury at best robbing terrorising and murdering the people who they were supposed to be protecting against communism amidst a wave of bad
Publicity for the contras the democratically controlled Congress passed the band amendments which specifically made it illegal to fund or Supply arms to them meanwhile in in the Middle East America was faced with another set of problems Iranian back militants in Lebanon had kidnapped a number of Americans and it seemed likely
That the Iranians could help to get them back unfortunately relations between America and Iran were terrible the US was helping to fund Saddam Hussein in his bitter war with Iran while the Americans were still smarting from their humiliation over the American Embassy hostage crisis when the Iranians had
Taken the staff of the American Embassy inan hostage and an attempted Rescue Mission by Special Forces had gone disastrously wrong there were however moderates within the Iranian government who could be convinced to soften their anti-American stance and bring their influence to bear on the Lebanese hostage takers if they could only be
Appeased in some fashion an ideal solution for the Reagan Administration would be some arrangement that could take care of both the Central American and Middle Eastern problems at the same time this solution first came into view in August when the Israelis acted as intermediaries for a proposal to secure
The release of the American hostage Reverend Benjamin were in return for the delivery of American tow anti-tank missiles to Iran the missiles themselves would come from Israel and then a secret history us would replenish Israeli stocks orchestrated by Robert McFarland the president’s National Security adviser the transfer went ahead in
November there was a more ambitious proposal Iran would arrange for all the American hostages in Lebanon to be freed in return for American anti-aircraft missiles the transfer began as before but there were problems and the deal ran into trouble at this point the Reagan administration had already violated un
Resolutions and their own arms export Control Act in January they stepped deeper into illegal territory with a new plan whereby the Americans would sell hundreds of missiles directly to Iran in return for help freeing the hostages and the profits from the operation would be funneled to the contas overseeing this
New operation would be the new National Security adviser Admiral John poter and his Aid Colonel Oliver North how much further the operation went is hard to say despite being the subject of much subsequent Congressional investigation it seems very likely that both Reagan and his VI President George Bush knew
About the operation for instance the January entry in Ran’s Personal Diary States I agreed to sell toast to Iran but investigators eventually accepted their claims of ignorance with CIA help North oversaw the channeling of money to the contess to pay for arms in contravention of the band amendments but
It seems that even more disturbing practices became a central part of the Contra operation perhaps inevitably the contras and armed semi-criminal militia became involved in drug smuggling the considerable profits from this trade helped to fund their anti-communist Insurrection while the same planes that delivered the drugs to their American
Markets were often used to smuggle arms back into Nicaragua since all this chimed with their higher ideological aims North and the CIA not only turned a blind eye to the drug smuggling but may have begun to help if only the world of Espionage by protecting the drug run and
Ensuring that no one interfered with their Landing strips and flights now the Iran Contra operation involved not just illegal arms trading to suspect customers in violation of at least two laws but also drug production and smuggling and the money laundering and other aspects of organized crime that go
With it soon the covered operation started to become all too public in November 11’s newspaper printed allegations about the hostage for arms deal shortly after a plane loaded with illegal arms came down over naraga even as North and his staff started to shred the paper trail the clamour in
Washington was becoming deafening Reagan was forced to appoint a commission under Senator Tower to look into the matter and in the subsequent investigation north end point exter took the fall CIA director William Casey was also forced to resign he died of cancer shortly afterwards the Iran Contra affair raised uncomfortable issues about the
Relationship between the executive and legislative branches of American government should an Administration be able to finance SL conduct Wars as it desires how much congressional oversight should exist these questions are more important than ever given the current war on terror in which the anti-terrorist imperative has replaced the anti-communist imperative that drove
The foreign policy of earlier administrations the CIA and the military are once again engaged in a very wide range of covered operations that probably transgress us and international laws not to mention ethics has Iran Contra taught subsequent administrations that they can’t get away with this or simply shown them how to avoid getting
Caught Iran Contra should have had more serious consequences for the Reagan Administration but in practice the key players seem not to have suffered any real damage Reagan was merely rebuked served out his term and was remembered on his recent death as one of the best loved and most respected presidents of
Secret history all time in all the plot it Heep on his name for his role in the defeat of Communism little mention was made of the tactics that he sometimes championed Ran’s Vice President Bush went on to become president himself North and point xter were convicted of various charges but these convictions
Were overturned because of immunity agreements they had made North is now a successful radio talk show host and journalist and has even run for Senate in point xter was able to shrug off is Shady pass to the extent that he was appointed head of the information awareness office a controversial program
To monitor every communication of every person in America decried by activists as one of the greatest ever threats to civil liberties what about the intended aims of the Iran Contra operation the American hostages in the Lebanon were freed and the Iranians doubtless used their American weapons to help them
Combat saddam’s American weapons the Iran Iraq war ground to a in after costing tens of thousands of lives and destabilizing the entire region the Sandinista government was finally toppled in partly thanks to the cumulated weight of American economic and Military pressure the region still suffers from chronic instability poverty
And violence and many of the drug smuggling operations set up or sanctioned by the are probably still in operation in one form or another secret diplomacy treaties PS and all the other apparatus of diplomacy feature heavily in conventional history and generations of school children have been own the need to wrote learn lists
Of important treaties but not all diplomacy is conventional and some of the most important treaties on those School children’s lists were the result of shady double dealing that contemporary kids would never have known about this chapter looks at examples that illustrate the central role that clandestin diplomacy has played in
History from the secret treaty that helped to seal the fate of the steuart Dynasty in Britain to the tangled web of backro bargaining that characterized European statesmanship in the late th century and which ultim led to the destructive Madness of World War I the Treaty of do Doom of the Stuarts
1,670 the th century was a time of bitter religious wars in Europe as Catholic and Protestant princes clashed over territorial political and spiritual issues in England this blend of issues found expression in the conflict between Parliament and King secret history although ostensibly centered on the relative rights of the monarchy and the
People there was also a strong religious element Parliament was mainly Pur and while Charles I with a Catholic wife and high church leanings was perceived to have Catholic sympathies after the fall of cromwell’s protectorate in and the restoration to the throne of a steuart monarch Charles II these political religious tensions resurfaced Charles’s
Response involving covered diplomacy a secret treaty and a clandestine pledge to allow foreign troops to invade his own country was to have dire consequences for his line and for the eventual fate of the monarchy in Britain Charles’s relations with Parliament were sour almost from the beginning of his Reign hardly surprising given the
Manifold grounds for antipathy between them Charles never forgot that Parliament had executed his father and shared with his predecessor of belief in the divine right of kings also like his father he was constantly in need of money and resented having to go to Parliament cap in hand to get it he
Resented even more their constant caval over granting his requests on the Parliamentary side there was deep suspicion of the suspected Catholic sympathies of Charles and his whole family these suspicions were grounded in fact Charles’s mother was a devout Catholic and he had spent 8 years in Exile on the mainly Catholic continent
He was married to a Catholic princess and married his sister into the French royal family his brother James presented even more of a go to parliament’s predominantly Pur ins sensibilities during the inter ringum James had actually fought in the service of both France and Spain the preeminent Catholic
Powers and then he converted to Catholicism and was forced to resign his position as Lord High Admiral but then Charles and Parliament disliked and distrusted one another disastrous Wars with the Netherlands which were in themselves unpopular with Parliament had left secret diplomacy Charles in desperate need of money unwilling to
Make the compromises necessary to get it from his own countrymen Charles embarked on a dangerous course and approached Le the 14th the king of France for help under Lewis the Sun King Catholic France had become the dominant power in Europe and a natural enemy of protestant
England Lewis was Keen to better the lot of oppressed Catholics in England and also to secure English help for his military Adventures against the Netherlands at the very least he wanted to break up the new Triple Alliance of between England Sweden and the Netherlands which had thwarted his
Earlier attack on the Dutch during the war of devolution using his sister as a secret Ambassador Charles negotiated with Lewis for a considerable Financial subsidy that would help to free him from dependence on parliament in return he would Ally England to France improve conditions for Catholics in England and
Most contentiously secretly convert to Catholicism the deal was struck and in Charles signed the Treaty of Dober complete with its secret protocol he would receive a lumpsum and an annual subsidy and Lewis promised to back him up with military assistance to the tune of Comm French troops should Parliament
Rebel rumors about the Treaty inflamed public opinion and made Parliament nervous and Charles was forced to offer reassurances in a speech to MPS he told them I know you have heard much of my alliance with France and I believe it ha been strangely represented to you as if
There were certain secret articles of dangerous consequence but I will make no difficulty of letting the treaties and all the articles of them without any the least Reserve to be seen by a small Committee of both houses who may report to you the scope of them and I assure
You there is no other treaty with France either before or since not already printed which shall not be made known secret history not surprisingly observers remarked that the king seemed uneasy and fumbled with his notes he was walking a tight rope and must have feared meeting the same fate as his
Father if the truth about the do treaty became known the treaty soon had consequences as France invaded the Netherlands and and England was forced to join in triggering the third Anglo Dutch War at home Charles tried to fulfill his responsibilities under the treaty with his Declaration of
Indulgence which an old the penal laws against Catholics neither move went down well Parliament reacted by passing the test Act of which prevented Catholics from holding office and the unpopularity of the Dutch War meant that Charles was forced to sack all of his leading ministers instead of alleviating Catholic persecution Charles had
Encouraged it and worse was to come anti-catholic hysteria boiled over in the fake popish plot of point2 NE Dell bigots Titus OES and Israel ton falsely alleged that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate the king and place his brother on the throne by the time the deception was revealed and the hyperia
Had calmed innocent Catholics had been executed and Parliament had passed further repressive measures in the years to come Parliament would repeatedly attempt to force the king to remove his brother from the succession and eventually Charles dissolved Parliament and ruled on his own for the final four
Years of his life dying in do when James ascended the throne the country was primed against him and the Glorious Revolution eventually followed James was toos and William of Orange the very Prince the Treaty of do had forced Charles to make war on ascended in his dead James Catholic son was barred from
The succession and the steart line ended with his daughter n once in control of England William was able to defeat L the 14th in the war of the Grand Alliance marking the beginning of the end of French e gmany in Europe Charles and Louis secret treaty had not paid off for
Either of them secret diplomacy secret treaties and the Louisiana Purchase 1,68 to 1,83 in the young United States of America acquired a vast tra of land from France the Louisiana Purchase covered an area of comma square miles Comm comma square kilometers stretching from the Mississippi River in the East to the
Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the South to the Future Canadian border in the north the new territory would make up all or part of the central states of the Union doubling the size of the US and establishing it as the dominant power on
The North American continent every American School child learns about the Louisiana Purchase in history. what you know is that the true story of the largest land grab in American history is one of secret treaties and desperate diplomacy capped by the skillful skull dugery of Founding Father Thomas Jefferson the Story begins in when
French explorer Robert Cavalier Seer deal claimed the Mississippi Basin for France and named it after his King Lewis at this point the British colonies on the East Coast were small and insignificant and the two superpowers of Europe Spain and France VI for control of the new continent as they did of the
Old the lands of Central North America offered vast potential wealth to whichever power could control them the Spanish already controlled much of the Southwest and the West Coast now the French could claim exclusive access to a suway of land from the Gulf to what would become Canada over the next
Century the French developed their hold on the Louisiana Territory enlarging their base at New Orleans which controlled the vital transport artery of the Mississippi their aim was to place a check on British expansionism and prevent Britain from becoming dominant in North America meanwhile the British colonies on the East Coast were also
Developing and American colonists were eager to settle land further west the competing claims of the colonial Powers came to a secret history head in the French and Indian War which eventually escalated into a global conflict known as the Seven Years War the war went disastrously for the French and they
Were forced to seed the land east of the Mississippi to Britain they were determined however not to let New Orleans and the Western Louisiana Territory fall into British hands and negotiated a secret treaty to transfer sovereignty to Spain the Treaty of font blow was duly signed and do the French
Riter voler lamented the loss of the territory asking how his country could abandon the most beautiful climate of the Earth from which one may have tobacco silk Indigo a thousand useful products the territory flourished under Spanish rule with extensive plantations and the further growth of New Orleans meanwhile the American colonies of
Britain emboldened by their effectiveness in the French and Indian War decided to cast off the Yoke of British rule and declare independence Spain and her Colony offered help during the war of independence and by the end of the th Century the geopolitical map of North America had once again been
Redrawn but the United States was firmly established and beginning to feel her strength her citizens were casting Covetous eyes westwards but there had been changes in the old world as well France had once again grown powerful under Napoleon and he was developing his own Ambitions for the Louisiana
Territory he envisaged an empire for France in the new world where French control of New Orleans would secure a flood of wealth from the Inland colonies and the French sphere of influence would expand across the globe overwhelming the British Empire possession of the Louisiana Territory was key Napoleon
Engaged in secret diplomacy with Spain bullying her rulers into signing sovereignty of Louisiana over to France in return for creating a new kingdom in Italy for the Duke of Parma son-in-law of Charles I of Spain in Charles agreed to sign the Treaty of sandel defonso or
To give its full secret diplomacy name a preliminary and secret treaty between the French Republic and his Catholic Majesty the king of Spain concerning the arment of his Royal Highness the infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the retrocession of Louisiana one of Napoleon’s obligations under the treaty
Was that he would under no circumstances sell or seed the land to any other power the Americans soon discovered the secret treaty which caused anxiety in Washington a strong France was a less preferable neighbor to a weak Spain in President Jefferson ordered Robert Livingston minister to France to explore
The possibility of buying the territory Napoleon refused but conditions on the ground in the new world soon changed his attitude in order to secure the new French territory he had dispatched troops bya the French colony of St doming but a successful Revolt by slaves and X slaves forced the soldiers to
Return to France Napoleon’s dream of a new world Empire was over before it had begun meanwhile Jefferson employed a classic intelligence ruse to convince Napoleon to sell supposedly confidential letters between Jefferson and Livingston were deliberately allowed to fall into the hands of French agents when deciphered they fueled Napoleon’s worst
Fears the day that France takes possession of New Orleans we must marry ourselves to the British Fleet and Nation read one of the letters the nightmare scenario for the French was that the Americans would Ally with Britain and together they would clear France from the new world far better to
Offload an expensive and difficult to defend Colony most of which was only nominally under French control anyway to a country that posed no threat to France and which would counteract British interests in the region in return Napoleon could acquire some desperately needed cash for his war with Britain in
March after the failure of Livingston’s first offer Jefferson had dispatched James Monroe as a special enoy secret history Paris but by the time he arrived in April Napoleon had already decided on the obvious course and was willing to do a deal completely ignoring the terms of the Treaty of s Deo monro’s instructions
Were to offer dollar million in return for New Orleans and some land on the Gulf of Mexico he and Livingston were startled to find that the entire Louisiana Territory was on the table Jefferson himself however may have been expecting this outcome in January before Monroe had even been sent to France
Jefferson had asked Congress for an appropriation for what would become the Louis and Clark expedition of Voyage of Discovery up the Mississippi and across the continent which would lay the groundwork for American exploitation of the region by the end of April the Louisiana Purchase had been agreed the
United States would acquire the whole territory in exchange for million Franks dollar million dollar point million for the L and the rest as a write off of outstanding claims made by American citizens on France and Spain Decades of secret diplomacy and clandestine land trading had come to an end the United
States was beginning its Unstoppable Westward March as a new doctrine of manifest destiny began to take shape thanks to Jefferson’s acument for underhand bargaining ruses the US had become at a stroke a player on the world stage in the words of Robert Livingston on signing the purchase from this day
The United States will take their place among the powers of the first rank the consequences are still being felt today Bismark and the secret history of German unification 1,862 1,871 Germany is one of the world’s economic superpowers and played a key role in th Century European and world
History yet it has only existed as a country for just over years secret diplomacy German unification was among the most important developments in th Century world history with far-reaching economic cultural and political consequences this seismic shift in World geopolitics was masterminded by one man the Iron Chancellor Prince ovon bismar
Duke of lenberg as prime minister of Prussia his Mastery of secret diplomacy and ability to manipulate public opinion through skillful rues enabled him to forge a new great power in the space of just eight years when bismar was appointed prime minister in Prussia was just one of a number of German
Principalities and city states albeit the most powerful and economically developed at this time bismar was already convinced of the need to overturn the old status quo of German geopolitics and for United Germany but to do this he would need to overcome obstacles external and internal the most obvious barrier to German unification
Was that several Germanic territories were under the control of other powers most notably Denmark which controlled swi holin and the austr Hungarian Empire which controlled many parts of Northern Germany a broader foreign threat to Bismark Ambitions was the Continental System of the balance a power whereby
The great powers kept a close eye on one another and would form alliances to prevent any one power getting an edge on the others EG through conquering more territory the great powers of the time Britain France Russia austral Hungary and the Ottoman Empire preferred to remain an exclusive club and already
Troubled by the rise of russan power had no desire to see a unified Germany threaten the status quo bismar knew that if he wanted to attack a neighbor he would have to take great care to First isolate the Target and make sure that no other power intervened to protect them
To achieve this he would need all his scy and skill in conducting clandestine diplomacy and securing secret treaties secret history he started by securing the cooperation of Austria for an attack on Denmark the second war of Swig was concluded by a peace treaty signed in Vienna in which transferred control of
Swig and Holstein to Germany bismar then turned his attention to Austria but before an attack could be launched he first needed to make sure that none of the other great Powers would be tempted to intervene in her favor Britain was a peripheral concern since she mostly followed an isolationist course but
Russia France or Italy might cause problems bismar had already secured a valuable alliance with Russia in by helping to broker the Alvin slen convention an agreement to settle the Revolt of the polls against their Russian overlords at the time Russia was isolated in Europe as general sentiment
Favored the cause of the polls the Russians were grateful for Prussian support and could be counted on not to oppose an attack on Austria in bismar paid a secret visit to Napoleon 3 emperor of France to sound out his likely reaction to an attack on Austria although he concluded no official treaty
Or agreement he left with an understanding that France would not intervene so long as Italy could be allowed to absorb the austr Hungarian province of venea Bismark shuttle diplomacy ended with with Italy to whom he promised Venicia in return for a mutual assistance treaty the way was now
Clear for the attack on Austria and in the Prussian Army gained a swift crushing victory over its neighbor annexing the territories of Hanover Hess Castle Nassau and Frankfurt to form the north German Confederation in fact France did object to prusses thrashing of Austria and French diplomat count Benedetti was instructed to press
Demands for compensation from Prussia bismar skillfully deflected these demands with an agreement to offer support for a French attempt to anex territory from Belgium benedet Drew up a draft treaty but it was never concluded secret diplomacy and the French sheld their designs on Belgium bismar however had secured a valuable weapon that would
Reappear to hun France later as well as external obstacles to German unification there were also serious barriers nearer to home many of the Germanic states were historically conservative and therefore protective of their sovereignty they feared pruss ification I they feared that entering into a Confederacy with a state as
Dominant as Prussia was effectively the same as being an nexted they were also serious sectarian and sociocultural issues the Catholic South and Protestant North distrusted each other and Rapid economic and social advances in the north served to widen the cultural gap between the two with most of the northern states now in Confederation
With Prussia it was the southern group of states that posed the main obstacle to German unification how could bismar overcome their reluctance to join the German Empire what better than a war against a powerful Comm enemy nothing overcomes internal divisions like an external threat German nationalism was a
Growing cultural movement its ugly side was xenophobia and Germans already felt considerable hostility towards the franch at whose hands they had suffered humiliating defeats in the Napoleonic Wars at the start of the century if bismar could provide a war where crucially France would be seen as the aggressor the southern states might
Forget their suspicion of Prussia and Unite with her in a surge of nationalistic f power the hoz caned tour the opportunity to do just this arose when one of Bismark geopolitical intrigues went to following a Revolution and the abdication of Queen Isabella in the Spanish Throne had been vacant for 2
Years among the candidates dynastically suitable was Prince Leopold of the family a relative of King Wilhelm of Prussia behind the scenes secret history bismar had been pushing hard to place Leopold on the vacant Spanish Throne hoping to establish a German Spanish access that would help to neutralize the
Threat from France in any future confrontations over the balance of power in Europe bismar was keenly aware of Germany’s vulnerable position in the heart of Europe surrounded on all sides by potentially hostile Nations if France had to worry about her Southern border it might make her think twice about
Military adventures in the north not surprisingly the French were up in arms at the prospect of a German Prince on the Spanish throne and bitterly opposed the ho intolerant candour on July the French foreign minister the Duke the greymont a virent anti-russian Gab rousing speech to the cabinet in which
He warned that unless the matter was resolved to French satisfaction we shall know and do our duty without weakness or hesitation inflammatory headlines in the French newspapers whipped up public sentiment further on July greymont ordered the French ambassador to Prussia count Benedetti to go to the resort town
Of bad EMS then in Prussia where King Wilhelm was holidaying Benedetti was instructed to present a French demand that Wilhelm promised to secure the withdrawal of Leopold’s candidature the kingk position was that since the candidature had nothing to do with him he could not offer any such Assurance
Benedet he was sent to talk to the king a second time on July but in the meantime Leopold anxious to avoid being the cause of an international incident had already withdrawn his name the French had won a diplomatic victory in private bismar fumed it was a slap in
The face for his secret plans but the French now made a fatal error in the process Furnishing bismar with the perfect opportunity to trigger the war he needed in the fashion he needed Benedetti was told to approach the Prussian king for a third time this time to secure a promise that Wilhelm would
Never in the future support a secret diplomacy henz candidate for the Spanish Throne this was overstepping the mark and the tur but polite encounter that ensued on July was described by King Wilhelm to hin Rican the Prussian foreign office official who accompanied him aan turn telegraphed the report to
Bismar the faithful EMS Telegram in its unexpected version read his majesty the King has written to me hin ran count benad he intercepted me on the prominade and ended by demanding of me in a very unforunate manner that I should authorize him to Telegraph at once that I bound myself in perpetuity
Never again to give my consent if the HS renewed their candidat tour I rejected this demand somewhat severely as it is neither right nor possible to undertake engagements of this kind I.E in perpetuity naturally I told him that I had not yet received any news and since
He had been better informed via Paris and Madrid than I was he must surely see that my government was not concerned in the matter the King on the advice of one of his ministers decided in view of the above mentioned demands not to receive count Benedetti anymore but to have him
Informed by an agent that his majesty had now received from Leopold confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already had from Paris and had nothing further to say to the Ambassador his majesty suggests to your Excellency that benet’s new demand and its rejection might well be communicated
Both to our ambassadors and to the press the last line of the telegraph suggests that the king authorized bismar to publicize the telegram but says nothing about editing it first this did not deter the chancellor who knew exactly what he was doing on July bismar released the following edited version of
The EMS telegram to the media and to foreign Embassy simultaneously secret history after the news of the renunciation of the prince Von hozen had been communicated to the Imperial French government by the Royal Spanish government the French Ambassador in EMS made a further Demand on his majesty the
King that he should authorize him to Telegraph to Paris that his majesty the king undertook for all time never again to give his Ascent should the hoen once more take up their candidat tour his majesty the king thereupon refused to receive the Ambassador again and had the
Letter informed by the agitant of the day that his majesty had no further communication to make to the Ambassador the changes are subtle but all important for the telegram now makes it seem that King Wilhelm has acted insultingly towards the French Ambassador the EMS telegram should have the desired effect
Of waving a red cape in front of the face of the G bull commented Bismark he was right the French assembly and the people were thrown into a rage over the supposed slide on their honor General La assured the government that the French army was ready down to the last Gator
Button France declared war on Germany a few days later bismar released to the news newspapers bed Ed’s draft of a secret treaty spelling out French designs on Belgium further confirming German public opinion that France was an aggressive threat here was the external Menace that bismar needed to overcome
Internal resistance to Union bound to Prussia threw a series of secret treaties and alarmed at what they saw as unprovoked French aggression the southern German states joined the north German Confederation to their shock the French found themselves fighting a United Germany rather than a Prussia that would have to worry about its
Neighbors defeat was Swift and total the consequences of the franor Prussian War were profound and far-reaching the German Empire was unified and secret diplomacy Wilhelm was crowned Kaiser Emperor ADV verai headquarters of the Prussian Army on January do humiliation and crushing defeat caused massive political upheaval in France the Second
Empire fell and the Republic was established in its place Revolution broke out in the capital and the Paris commune was declared in the ensuing civil war between reactionary and revolutionary forces the seeds were swn for a long conflict between left and right in France French power in the
Continental System of the balance of power was seriously undermined an immediate consequence was that the Papal States no longer under French protection were subsumed by Italy completing the process of Italian unification the geopolitical map of Europe was redrawn and Germany now became the greatest power on the continent her rivalry with
Britain would accelerate as she became an economic super power a direct consequence would be the massive Naval arms race that preceded World War I also contributing to the buildup to World War I were the harsh conditions imposed on the French part of the peace settlement was the acquisition by Germany of the
Territories of alsas and line the response in France was the evolution of rism a policy of seeking Revenge Revan for the insults and territorial losses of the franor Prussian War not only did it spur the tensions that led to the Great War of rism also set the French
Agenda for the Treaty of Versa that concluded that war the harsh conditions imposed on Germany largely at the insistence of the French would in turn help to trigger World War II thus the EMS telegram Bismark R to trigger War would echo down through history as the ultimate underhand maneuver by one of
The great masters of the art of secret diplomacy his reward was to be appointed as the first re’s cancellor Chancellor of the new Empire having proved so Adept at orchestrating Wars he was to spend the next secret history years exercising all his diplomatic skills to maintain the balance of power in Europe and
Prevent the outbreak of a war that would he believed devastate Germany House of card secret treaties and the Great War 1,872 1915 secret diplomacy reached its apotheosis during the buildup to the Great War of Dot from the unification of Germany until the great Powers Tangled themselves up in an inextricable net of
Secret treaties and undisclosed alliances building an invisible house of cards that would crashing down amid the terrible Carnage of a World War the people of Europe were largely ignorant of the machinations of their leaders kept in the dark by governments that traded territories and even whole Nations under the table of international
Diplomacy even as the battle lines were drawn and the troops went over the top few realized to what extent the history of the preceding years was a secret one by bismar had secured the unification of Germany and a seat for the new nation at the top table of international Politics
As one of the great powers of the world having established the status quo he was content to maintain it and for the rest of his career his diplomacy was aimed at maintaining peace and isolating France in diplomatic terms aware of the strength of anti-german feeling in France and the growing appeal of rism
Bismar wanted to make that France did not form a power block with other great Powers crucially with great Powers bordering Germany which might result in the encirclement of Germany if this was to happen and a war was to follow Germany would find herself in the near impossible position of fighting on two
Fronts in fact bismar was Keen to prevent the development of opposing power blocks in Europe altogether perhaps he realized that such a situation was a recipe for War as long as the great secret diplomacy Powers maintained a balance of power that involved multiple counterweights rather than a simple opposition of two camps a
Major war could be averted achieving this would mean attempting the difficult task of remaining friends with countries opposed to each other but one of the benefits of secret diplomacy was that it allowed a government to conclude alliances with with mutually distrustful Partners the first expression of bismar
New peace seeking forign policy was the Dre Kaiser bu war three Emperors League of this was an agreement between the Emperors of Germany Austria Hungary and Russia to maintain benevolent neutrality in the event of an attack by another Power I they would not join in with the attack and would maintain normal
Relations with the victim Bismark goal was to prevent a franor Russian Accord that would sandwich Germany at this time Russia controlled Poland and her western border was Germany but opposing interests in the Balkans meant that Austria and Russia were not natural allies both Powers coveted control over Balan territories and Nations while
Russia isped a pan Slavic movement that threatened the very existence of Austria Hungary the three Emperors Le broke down in when Russia went to war with turkey in the Balkans and attempted to create a large Bulgarian state from the spoils some of the other great Powers including Germany and Austria Hungary objected and
At the subsequent Congress of Berlin forced Russia to back down relations between the three Emperors Howard and the Dre Kaiser buun fell apart still Keen to keep the Russians from getting into bed with the French bismar made periodic attempts to revive the three Emperor League it was renewed in secret
In but with the CLA precluding benevolent neutrality in the event of another Russo Turkish war in differences between Austria and Russia over Bulgaria once again led to its breakdown but bismar didn’t give up and he concluded secret history another secret treaty with Russia but this time without the
Know of the austrians the reinsurance treaty once again promised benevolent neutrality on either side in the event of attacks by other great Powers but it also contained a clause stating that benevolent neutrality did not apply in the event of war between Russia and Austria underlining to the Russians that
They should not attempt to attack Austria support for Austria was the central plank of German foreign policy Austria Hungary was probably the most vulnerable of the great powers and aging reactionary holdover from medieval times the austr Hungarian Empire was an anacronismo Hungary fell apart it might find unfriendly unstable Nations or even
Antagonistic great powers on its very doorstep recognizing this bismar concluded a new alliance with Austria Hungary as soon as the three Emperors League fell apart the Dual Alliance started in secret and committed each power to benevolent neutrality in the event of attack by a single great power
But to Mutual Aid if Russia and France joined forces against either the Dual Alliance provided the kernel of one of the power blocks that would eventually cause and fight World War I in the secret Dual Alliance became the secret Triple Alliance with the inclusion of Italy again Italy was not a natural Ally
Of Austria and coveted the ethnically Italian Austrian territories of trantino and istria which it considered to be ital and unredeemed Italy territories that should have become part of Italy unic yet Italy was forced into the austro-german camp because of a row with France over tunia at this time Africa
Was a stage on which the imperialist Ambitions of the great Powers were being played out as they frantically carved up the dark secret diplomacy continent into colonies and spheres of influence Italy’s burgeoning Imperial Ambitions were focused on North Africa and Tunisia in particular but the French had
Occupied it first a furious Italy signed up to the Triple Alliance under which the three powers pledged to support each other militarily in the event of an attack against any of them by two or more great powers and Germany and Italy additionally undertook to support one
Another in the event of attack by France however the Italians included a Proviso that let them opt out of any war with Britain with whom they had no quarrel in Romania secretly joined the Triple Alliance creating a solid central European power block in bismar was forced from power in Germany ushering in
A new era for European power politics where bismar had tried hard to stay France with everyone German policy now became more aggressive and confrontational the first casualty was the alliance with Russia the reinsurance treaty was allowed to lapse and Russia was left diplomatically isolated into the vacuum mov France herself isolated
For so long by Bismark clment of ring French Capital flowed into Russia helping to build for instance the trans cyberian Railway French military advisers helped to modernize the tar armies and diplomatic overtures led to the establishment of friendly relations a military Alliance was concluded in an officially but clandestinely ratified
And do the terms of the franor Russian Alliance stated that each country would come to the other’s Aid if a member of the Triple Alliance attack for both France and Russia the attractions of this Alliance were apparent both had been left isolated by German diplomacy both felt threatened by the power block
Created by the Triple Alliance although this was secret their intelligence Services probably knew all about it the result was that Europe was now divided into two opposing camps with dangerous implications for the likelihood of War crucially however Britain was still in Splendid isolation secret history from the Continental System of power politics
Partly because she had conflict of Interest with both of the Continental power blocks she was hostile to Germany over conflicting spheres of interest in the Middle East and Germany’s plans to build the Baghdad Railway and later over the relative sizes of their navies but she was also hostile to Russia over
Interests in Central Asia and France over interests in Africa with the turn of the century however things would begin to change in Britain and Japan concluded a secret treaty the anglo-japanese alliance that recognized their mutual interest in containing Russian expansionism although this treaty was incidental to European
Politics it showed that the British were now engaged in the great power system she became fully engaged in with the signing of The onon Cordial between Britain and France although this was a public agreement there were secret articles relating to Rocco which they agreed to carve up as they deemed fit in
The anti- Triple Alliance power block was completed with the conclusion of the angl Russian agreement although this was also public and did not appear to include any military Clauses it marked the establishment of a triple on Taun that appeared to encircle Germany and her allies the battle lines for war had
Effectively been drawn up events now accelerated towards a European conflict centered on the Balkans in August Germany and turkey concluded a secret treaty bringing together two Powers who were natural enemies of Russia over interest in the Balkans and of Britain over interest in the Middle East Germany
Also struck up an alliance with Bulgaria the German Le power block was complete Russia had already concluded alliances with Serbia most of Europe was now tied into a complex network of secret treaties and alliances which meant that when war did come all of the European powers were Dragged In unrest in the
Balkans had conjured the Spectre of a European War since when Austria attempted to Annex secret diplomacy Bosnia heroina the subsequent Italo Turkish War and the Balan Wars of had destabilized the area still further any one of the Nations could have been the flasho for a wider conflict in the event
The assassination of arch duuk franford and triggered Austria to declare war on Serbia and by extension Russia the other members of the opposing power blocks were drawn in by their alliances and the first global war was begun even after the outbreak of war the secret diplomacy continued Italy had only ever been a
Half-hearted member of the triple iance in her commitment to it had been still further watered down by a secret Franco Italian Accord on North Africa when war came Italy backed out of her obligations under the Triple Alliance treaty on the grounds that Austria had violated it by being the aggressor against Serbia in
Italy formally issued a declaration of neutrality but behind the scenes she was engaged in secret negotiations with both sides the side that could offer her more one out and in Italy signed a secret treaty of London with the unun powers which guaranteed Italy a significant chunk of Austria in any post-war
Settlement later that year she declared war on Austria Hungary and Germany similar maneuvering Sania swap sides as well contrary to the expectations of Britain and her allies the intervention of Italy did not significantly hasten the war and it ground on and the intervention of the Americans by this
Time it had accounted for four Empires the German Russian austr Hungarian and ottoman Empires and fatally hamstrung those of Britain and France the treaties and alliances that were intended to keep the great power safe eventually plunged them into a gigantic and destructive war that effectively ended European
Domination of the globe this irony was not lost on the two countries that considered themselves to be above the now discredited European system of secret deals and treacherous treaties the United States and secret history the new Soviet Union in the Soviets cause his when they published many secret
Treaties from the tarist archives hoping to embarrass the evil imperialists the world was presented with Stark evidence of the duplicity this regard for Democratic process and cynical pursuit of imperialistic self-interest events by the undercover diplomacy of the great Powers America and in particular her idealistic President wro Wilson was
Shocked at the secret wheeling and dealing Wilson reserved particular contempt for the cynical horse trading of the Treaty of London effectively the highest bit in an auction for Italy support during the war as it was Britain and France refused to honor the terms of the treaty at the Versa conference and
Italy was left resentful and hostile hostility that would help push Italy into the axis camp in the runup to the next War Wilson may have hoped that the post-war settlement he brokered based on an ethos of ethical foreign policy would help to change the way that International diplomacy was conducted
The buildup to World War II was to prove that had changed the Nazi Soviet non-aggression pact 1939 on September Nazi and Soviet forces met in central Poland separating the armies was an unbridgeable ideological Gulf fueled by indoctrination to a fever pitch of hatred and bigotry yet the two sides met
As allies not as foes thanks to one of history’s most significant secret treaties the Nazi Soviet non-aggression pact conceived in secret and hammered out behind the backs of the other European powers the pack secret protocol allowed for the carving up of Eastern Europe between Germany and the Soviet Union with terrible consequences that
Would Echo around the world the story of this unlikely but Deadly Alliance begins in with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin between Germany and the young Soviet Union both countries agreed by the secret diplomacy terms of the precise settlement that followed World War I and both felt themselves to be
Priz of the International Community Germany as a nation blamed for starting a war in which it was disastrously defeated the Soviet Union as a lone island of Communism amid imperialist States dedicated to its destruction it was natural for them to come together to offer a degree of mutual support the
Treaty of Berlin built on earlier trade agreements extending economic and trade ties to a commitment to benevolent neutrality although it was not secret a number of clandestine activities were authorized under its opes in return for technological Aid the Soviets provided secret training facilities for the German military allowing them to train
Their forces and Test new weapons in contravention of the verside treaty out of sight of watchful Allied poers still suspicious of Germany the Rees were experimented with new tank designs poison gas and new airplane designs at Secret locations in Russia the German Army helped to train the Red Army in
Tactics training and Technology the rise to power of national socialism with its violent anti-bip Creed was an obvious blow to this special relationship but the Soviet Union went to extreme lengths to ignore Nazi provocation and maintain German Soviet links as late as the chairman of the Council of commissars V
Mov insisted that the Soviet Union wanted to continue good relations with Germany one of the great nations of the modern epic Soviet efforts were to know Avail and the contacts between the states were broken off in over the next few years as fascist aggression destabilized Europe and raised the
Spectre of Another War while at the same time Japanese militarism threatened the eastern border the Soviet Union grew increasingly fearful on all sides Stalin had little doubt that a new European War would come warning of it as early as the issue for the Soviets was not which side
To take but how to survive as Communists they were secret history indifferent to the fate of the imperialist powers or the details of how they would carve up the world all that mattered was protecting the Soviet Union against isolation and encirclement and stabing off involvement in a war long enough for
The industrialization and strengthening of the Soviet state the Soviet Union would take an entirely pragmatic course in pursuing forign policy ignoring contradictions or inconsistencies this was the logic that would underly the bizarre in congruity of the Nazi Soviet pact the first evidence of this logic was the adoption of a foreign policy of
Collective security where the threat of collective intervention by other powers would deter any single state from aggression this man taking a seat in the League of Nations previously dismissed by lenon as the robbers League Maxim lenov an old school Diplomat with whom the West could do business was appointed
As the new commissar for foreign relations he quickly signed a series of non-aggression packs with countries from Finland to France and worked to strengthen us Soviet relations as a foil to the growing threat from Japan as the events of BS unfolded however the idea of collective security was exposed as a
Sham failure to intervene in the Spanish Civil War to prevent a fascist victory was compounded by the policy of appeasement pursued by Britain and France towards the increasingly belligerent Germany and Italy it seemed clear to Stalin that he could not rely on Western helped to combat the Nazi or
Japanese Menace and that the Soviet Union would be left to her Fate by imperialist Powers eager to see her destroyed the Soviet position became even more precarious when the aess powers concluded the anti-common turn pact within this context it made sense to attempt rap rman with Germany and
During end the Soviets explored ways to improve relations with the Nazis lenov insisted to a French reporter that cooperation with the secret diplomacy Germans was perfectly possible Soviet fears of isolation were further stoked by her exclusion from the Munich conference in which provided the strongest evidence yet that the Western
Powers would do nothing to stop the Nazis but in the position changed abruptly and the Soviet Union found herself courted on all sides Britain and France were floating the idea of Reviving The Old Triple Alliance that had encircled Germany in and made approaches to the Soviet Union accordingly the German intelligence
Services brought word of this to Hitler who was anxious to prevent the encirclement and drive a wedge between the potential allies overtures and negotiations from both sides went on into for the Soviets it was a question of who could offer the most Britain and France while not perhaps as
Ideologically repugnant as the Nazis had little or nothing to offer in practice a new Triple Alliance seemed likely to drag the Soviet Union into a war with Germany while the Allies looked on Germany on the other hand could offer the economic benefits of the old Berlin treaty a guarantee to keep the Soviets
Out of an imperialist war and accommodation over Poland Russia’s hated neighbor during April and May of Britain tied over whether to try to pursue an alliance with the Soviets when they finally decided to do so they sent only a lowlevel mission to negotiate meanwhile Stalin had replaced liov as
Commissar for foreign relations with Molotov more of a hardn pragmatist and the Nazis had started to change their tune with regards to the Soviet Union Hitler’s speech is no longer included attacks on the buic Menace and German newspapers were instructed to tone down their anti-soviet rhetoric Goring confided to the Italian foreign minister
That the Nazis were going to try a pesu with the Soviets in mid May secret talks between Nazi and Soviet officials began but they were limited to trade Hitler however was impatient to procure an agreement with the Soviets in time to secret history allow his carefully time
Plans for the invasion of Poland to proceed in public the Soviets continued to talk to the British and French Le in Leningrad but the talks finally broke down in August when the Western Powers revealed their military weakness and their refusal to commit to full military involvement with the Soviets the British
And French and their allies even refused to agree to concede write a passage to Soviet forces in the event of a war the Soviet generals were exasperated are we to beg for the right to fight our common enemy complained barav the leader of the Soviet delegates by the time the talks
With the British and French ended in failure on August secret discussions with the Germans were far Advanced on August the German foreign minister Von rent made appointed comment to a Soviet trade delegate saying that German and Soviet interests could be harmonized from the Black Sea to the Baltic on
August the Nazis first suggested that a secret protocol could be arranged Germany and the Soviet Union would carve up Eastern Europe with the Soviets to get Eastern Poland parts of Romania the Baltic states and Finland Hitler was increasingly desperate to come to an accommodation a draft treaty was
Exchanged on August and on the th trade agreement was concluded further discussions were scheduled for near the end of August but Hitler took the unusual step of writing directly to Stalin to urge him to accept high level talks in Moscow as soon as possible according to Albert Spear he even
Considered going to Moscow himself on the August ribbon trip arrived in Moscow and met Stalin following a phone call to Hitler he agreed to virtually all the Soviet demands and the next morning the Nazi Soviet non-aggression PCT was signed complete with its secret protocol giving the Soviets a sphere of influence
In Eastern Europe from the Arctic to the Caspian from the Soviet point of view the advantages of the pack were obvious they had secured secret diplomacy non- involvement in an imperialist war and gain territory and technological and economic assistance the impact of the pack was almost immediate Hitler was now
Confident that he could invade Poland without fearing the consequences not only could he now be sure that the Soviets would not interfere he also calculated that Britain and France having got wind of the paack would back down as they had at Munich on September the Germans invaded Poland the Soviets
Followed suit on September occupying the East and meeting Nazi forces in Central Poland the partition of Poland was formally ratified by the two conquering Nations on the September but the uneasy marriage of convenience could not last Hitler had underestimated British resolve the invasion of Poland had
Triggered a second world war as that war reached an edgy stalemate in the west Hitler turned his eyes eastwards the secret pack that had allowed him to trigger World War II would prove to be no barrier to the most destructive campaign of alltime operation Barbarosa and the invasion of
Russia rues and deception war is one of the key determinant of History war is the Crux point of conflict between nations or The Clash of civilizations the Victor shapes history in a traditional view war is one of the most straightforward least devious and deepers the epitome of honest virtues
Like courage Toil and determination soldiers and Generals face one another and fight it out until one side is defeated what could be more candid less murky in fact secrety deception and ruse are Central to the Art of War more than 2,000 years ago the Chinese Sage sza the first and possibly greatest philosopher
Of War stated that all Warfare is based on Deception the key elements in a conflict often revolve around clandestine or underhand practice and instances of the use of ruse or deception have helped to decide some of the most important conflicts in history cunning practitioners have used deception to settle a conflict without
Having to draw a sword or fire a bullet even more cunning ones have practiced deception to start conflicts this chapter looks at R’s Great and Small showing how the art of deception has shaped history in all its guises a small deception like that used in the conquest
Of Monaco has rses and deception helped to shape the destiny of a small nation great deceptions like those used to deceive Hitler in the buildup to dday and copied years later in the first Gulf War have shaped the outcome of great Endeavors and deception is very much at
Work in the modern world as suggested by recent controversies over the role of Iranian intelligence in the decision to invade Iraq the Trojan Horse c1200 BC the wooden horse of Troy has entered the popular imagination as one of the best known and most recognizable of classical
Symbols it can also be seen as the locus cus of the military R the cunning strategy used to deceive the enemy and turn the course of a battle or War while the tale of Troy and the wooden horse may be entirely mythical the story illustrates the important role played by
Ruse and deception in ancient Greek Warfare particularly when set alongside other incidents from Greek myth and literature such as the tricks of Odus or the crossdressing of Achilles who posed as a woman in order to avoid being recruited for the raid on Troy it is also instructive to look at the details
Of the tale of the wooden horse in particular the important role played by sonan a classic example of a plant an agent employed to spread false or misdirecting information most readers will know the basic outline of the story of the wooden horse and many May wonder how the Trojans could have been so
Foolish as to fall for deploy but the details of the tale show that the Greeks used a series of PL that built up into an elaborate Roose convincing enough to overcome the natural caution of the Trojans according to the story of the wooden Horse known from many classical
Sources though not from Homer’s Iliad which does not cover the fall of Troy the siege of Troy lasted for 10 long years the Greeks had been mostly Victorious in battle secret history but could not breach the high walls of Troy and finally reduce the city exasperated
They decided that they would need a r to break the deadlock credit for the wooden horse scheme is variously attributed to either of disuse the king of itha a man noted for his cunning and Gile or a Trojan Seer named helenos said to have been a deserter or captive it was
Decided that they would pretend to sell home leaving behind a great wooden Effigy within which would be hidden their finest Warriors the ancient equivalent of an elite Special Forces Unit epas the architect was instructed to build the giant structure while a cover story was devised to explain its
Presence and fool the Trojans to bring it into the city earlier in the conflict the Greeks had raided a Trojan Temple and carried off the padium a giant statue sacred to the goddess Athena said to have fallen directly from heaven and to have been given to the Trojans as a
Protective Talisman The rationale for the horse the Greeks decided was as an offering to Athena to Plate her anger at the profanation of the padium and allow the weary Warrior safe passage on their Voyage Home Not only would this explain its construction but it would encourage the Trojans to think about taking it
Into Troy as a sort of replacement for the pum according to aorus an inscription was duly engraved on the side of the horse for their return home the Greeks dedicate the thank offering to Athena to back up the story still further it was decided to leave a man
Behind a plant who could feed disinformation to the Trojans and pass on the story that the Greeks wanted such a task was be extremely dangerous as the Trojans were bound to suspect the man of being a spy the man that was chosen was sonan said to be a cousin of Odus in
Some versions of the story for 3 Days the Trojans witnessed strange goings on from their Vantage on the high walls there was much activity in the Greek camp with hammering and sawing something strange was taking shape then one morning the Trojans awoke to rses and deception discovered that the Greeks had
Burned their tents boarded their ships and left the Greek Camp was empty their Beach had deserted all that was left was a great wooden horse it was as large as a ship fashioned in Timber from the slopes of Mount Ida it had a main Spangled with gold and frenched with
Purple blood red amethyst ringed with GRE barrels for eyes rows of white teeth in its jaws pricked ears a flowing tail that reached down to its heels hops of bronze straps decorated with purple flowers a bridle of Ivory and bronze and a will under each hoof unbeknown to the
Trojans it also had a hollow belly an opening in one side and air passages concealed within the mouth lurking within with all their armor and weapons were the flower of Greek manhood led by Odus himself when the Trojans rode out to view this marble they also discovered
Sonan According to some sources he was tied to a Stak by the horse others say he was captured lurking nearby accounts of his interrogation by the Trojans also differ in some versions he is horribly tortured but sticks to his story in others he spins a Web of Lies that’s
Snares gullible King Prime of Troy into buying his tail much like a modern agent sonan was equipped with a covered story to give him credibility he was said either to have been left as a sacrifice alongside the horse or to have escaped from the Greek Camp after a falling out
With a disuse in some versions he even bear self-inflicted wounds attesting to his veracity sanun lies were so effective at misdirecting the Trojans that they even discounted warnings from their own Counter Intelligence Services the priest Lun and the prophet Cassandra although this was mainly down to divine intervention Lun denounced tan as a
Fraud and the horse as a trick famously declaring Tam Don afferent literally I fear the Greeks even when they are bringing gifts he even threw a spear against it to back up his words in return the gods caused two huge serpents to emerge from the sea and devour the
Unfortunate whistleblower and his sons suitably secret history impressed the Trojans decided that such an unlucky man could not have been right Cassandra meanwhile warned the Trojans exactly what was a foot telling them that Greek warriors lurked within unfortunately a Divine curse meant that while her prophecies were inevitably accurate no
One would eat them believing that the wooden horse would bring them luck and act as a substitute Guardian for their City the Trojans dragged the giant construction through their Mighty Gates and set it next to the shrine of Athena and the Palace of Prime in some versions
Helen the cause of the Trojan War then tried to Rose of her own circling a horse she called out the names of the leading Greek commanders but imitating the voices of their wives she was such a good mimic that one Commander nearly answered but was stifled by a disuse
With such Vigor that he suffocated still all unawares the Trojans set about celebrating their apparent Good Fortune they feasted and drank and had orgies until most were insensible when the Rivalry had died down and the city was quiet sonan initiated the Greek covered operation he let the Special Forces
Warriors out of the horse and proceed to the battlements to wave a lighted brand the pre-arranged signal to the Greek Fleet which was hiding offshore behind the aisle of tendas while the infiltrated Greek Special Forces opened the gates of Troy and set about murdering the guards the fleet sailed
Back to the beach and discharged the armies who quickly joined in the brutal sack of the city The Rose had succeeded and resulted in widespread murder rape and pill the great city was burned to the ground and few survived according to related mythology one consequence of the wooden
Horse deception was to be the founding of Rome one of the founding myths of Rome held that the young Trojan Prince Inus escaped the sack of Troy and with the remnants of his shattered people found sanctuary in central Italy there he founded the state that would become a
Mighty Empire and one day conquer Greece Rome is not the only city that traces rues and deception its antecedence detroy according to Jeffrey of M’s th Century history of the kings of Britain London was founded by a Trojan Refugee named Brutus from whose name comes Britain London’s original name
Supposedly was Troy or new Troy putting mythology aside might there have been historical consequences to the wooden horse R despite Hinrich schonk well-known th Century discovery of Troy at aide in the garden Els most Scholars doubt that a single City analogous to Homer’s Troy ever really existed it is
More likely that the OT is a conflation of various stories from Bronze Age Greece and represents a combination of memories of historical War rates by the means the dominant Greek civilization of the time if the Ott and the related Tales are based on historical fact however the Trojan Horse ruse can be
Seen as a potential turning point in a conflict of civilizations this master stroke of deception could represent the moment when Bronze Age Greece became the preeminent culture in the Eastern Mediterranean and not the Asiatic power of Troy with the later history of Greece with all its consequ for subsequent
History have been the same if Troy had never fallen the conquest of Monaco 1,297 today Monaco is a b word for luxury and the Cosmopolitan Rich a Millionaire’s playground of gambling super yachts and Formula 1 it owes much of its current success to the foresight and asud Leadership of the ruling galdi
Family nowadays The gales are better known for the extended Royal soap opera they seem to enact from the fair tale marriage a prince near three and Grace Kelly to the tragic death of Princess Grace to the tblo friendly antics of Princess Stephanie but they owe their emony of this tiny Mediterranean Kingdom
To the will of a th Century ancestor who stormed the impenetrable Fortress of medieval secret history Monaco with a handful of men thanks to a ruse that would not look out a place in a Robin Hood film in the th Century the C dour was the stage for an epic
Conflict between Waring clans of genos noblemen Genoa a northern Italian city state was at the height of its power as a Mercantile and Naval Empire Genoa Merchants bankers and sailors controlled the fortunes of kings and queens Emperors and Crusaders their Mercantile Empire stretched from Britain to the
Black Sea and their dominion over the waves was such that the Mediterranean was known as the genos lake within the city state however a power struggle raged between powerful Clans which split into two parties the GU and the Giblin whose rivalry reflected wider geopolitical struggles between the
Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in the GU Camp was the gal Family Once rulers of Geno but by the S forced into Exile The gales with their Fleet and small army sought refuge on the coast of Province from where they plotted their revenge and harassed the sea Lanes their
Security rested on gaining access to and control over strategic fortified ports such as the rock of Monaco Monaco was an ancient Port Town first settled in prehistoric times and later renowned for its Roman Temple to Hercules in The genos Giblin supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor and enemies of The gales
Constructed a sturdy Fortress to control the Harbor from a top a mighty cck of rock situated on the border between Province and Genoa Monaco attained great strategic importance eager to gain a fortified foothold on the provansal coast and a secure base for their operations The gales cast Covetous eyes
At Monaco the strong fortifications and elevated position of the Fortress meant that a frontal assault would be difficult if not impossible particularly with the small forces under galdi command a senior sonion of the family franois galdi known as I Mal of the cunning hatched a daring plan on the
Night of January franois and a rues and deception troop of soldiers approached the gates of the Fortress disguised as Franciscan monks their swords concealed beneath their heavy robes assuming that the callers were innocent itinerant monks the guards opened the doors and let them in as soon as he was within the
Gates fron threw off his robes and brandished his sword his Men followed suit forcing The Defenders back from the doors at this the main party of guf troops who had been hiding in the shadows Le forth and stormed through the open Gates overpowering the guards and taking the Fortress with minimal
Casualties galdi was Master of Monaco a position that his family has continued to occupy with brief interludes ever since subsequent Gales increased the size of Monaco though it Remains the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City and safeguarded its independence under their rule through careful dealings with the
Surrounding states by the th Century the principality was languishing in economic misery but clever Gales took advantage of its independent status to make it a center for gambling and casinos and later for Rich tax Exiles and high society types today Monaco is one of the richest nations in the world on a per
Capita basis with a flourishing economy and the highest population density of any country in the world The Artful ruse that secured Monaco for The gales is today commemorated in the ruling family’s code of arms which is supported by the figures of two monks bearing swords and by the gal M Deo jant with
God’s help the father of modern magic and the Algerian Rebellion that never was 1,856 the land grabing of the colonial era often led to vicious revolutions rebellions and insurrections of the native peoples against the occupying Imperial Powers these conflicts were secret history generally characterized by Shocking violence brutal suppression
Appalling Injustice and a terrible cost in lives and livelihoods in one notable case however the clever use of deception an Illusion by a master of these Arts helped to diffuse a rebellion before it could begin in the remarkable story of Robert Hood’s magical duel with the marabouts among the most prized and
Hardw jewels in the French Imperial Crown was Algeria the French Conquest had begun in but the country was not properly subdued until the S by the S trouble was brewing once again a religious SEC known as the marabouts were stirring up the population using their powers of magic to inite fear and
Respect the marabouts employ Conjuring tricks of the sword well-known to illusionists and Sideshow artists today such as eating glass without suffering injury or healing wounds by laying on hands under their leaders Z as aladim they were enthralling increasing numbers of algerians who would respond to their call to arms rather than launching an
Expensive and bloody military response that would simply escalate matters the French decided to play the marabouts at their own game Emperor Napoleon 3 commission gen Eugene Robert hooden the greatest magician of his age to travel to Algeria and engage in magical combat with the marabouts or at least to
Impress the natives with a display that would put the indigenous Wizards in the shade Robert hooden is a seminal figure in the history of magic his influence was such that he is now accorded the moniker the father of modern magic born in as plain Gene Eugene Robert he
Acquired the hooden from his wife to a clockmaker young Jee Eugene followed in his Father’s Footsteps and became an expert manipulator of mechanisms at the same time he nurtured an interest in Magic Conjuring and illusionism finally giving up his trade at the age of 40 to become a full-time performer as a
Magician he was noted for rues and deception making magic respectable taking it off the streets and out of the traveling fears and onto the theater stage he dressed in black tie rather than outlandish robes and despite performing for only a decade devised many new tricks using Technologies old
And modern his expertise with Clockwork led him to build in genius automa while a keen interest in science meant that he was able to develop tricks based on new technologies such as electromagnetism he would need his full arsenal of tricks and devices to head off the incipient Algerian revolution in Robert hooden
Arrived in algers and was booked into a local theater extensive PR by the French authorities ensured that all the most influential natives would attend along with as many of the common people as could fit into the overcrowded Auditorium all eager to see the great French magas Robert hooden had carefully
Planned his act to include a series of tricks that would play on the imagination of any algerians who were contemplating Insurrection in his own account of the Algerian Expedition he described how he began with the standard materialization of coins from an empty hand but quickly moved on to producing a
Cannon ball from a top hat he then played a variant of one of his signature tricks the inexhaustible bottle but with an inexhaustible bowl of sweet meats considered more appropriate for a tea total Muslim audience in another trick he called one of the Rebel leaders on
Stage and made his shadow bleed but his piece to resistance was a trick he called the light and heavy chest inviting the strongest man in the audience onto the stage Robert hood and asked him to lift a wooden box small enough for the weakest man to shift he
Then claimed to have hypnotized the man and instructed him to try again to his horror the strong man found that he could not budge the box and was even forced to let go with a startled yell according to Robert hooden he fled the theater in panic the key to this trick
Was a little known phenomenon of electromagnetism the wooden chest had a metal plate concealed in secret history the Bas at a signal from Robert hooden a switch was flipped and an electromagnet below the stage was activated causing the box to remain locked in place as an additional touch Robert hooden had
Electrified the brass handles of the box so that the victim could be given a shock similar tricks amazed and astounded the audience as intended and by the end of his run Robert hooden had attracted the attentions of a powerful local Sheik bu Alam Ben and F bash a who
Invited him to give a special performance the Frenchman’s success had already helped to D an enthusiasm for a Revolt but he would still need to impress shik bu Alam and deflect the barbs of the Sheik’s antagonistic marabout Robert Hood had entertained the Sheik and his minions with slight of
Hand but was accused of being a fraud by the marabout more slight of hand and the earlier ping of the marbus watchat allowed Robert hooden to make it look as if he had teleported a coin into his clothing and magically removed his time piece the indignant marabout was
Humiliated and called the Frenchman out in a duel claiming the right to fire first Robert hooden agreed but bought himself a little time to prepare by claiming that he needed to return to Alger reclaim a magical Talisman the next morning The Duel proceeded the marabout fired first but was appalled to
See Robert hood and apparently catch the bullet between his teeth when it was The Magician’s turn to fire he aimed his shot at a wall which seemed to oo blood he had contrived to switch the real bullets for fake ones of his own devising the illusion succeeded and the
Threat of an Algerian Rebellion receded the marabouts found that their Authority weakened in the face of the patently superior magic wielded by the colonial occupiers Robert hooden was presented with an ornate scroll in recognition of his services in bloodlessly diffusing a possible Revolution he returned to retirement and rues and deception pent
His Memoirs which subsequent ly inspired a new generation of conjurers including an American Hungarian named Eric Weiss who later took the stage name Houdini to honor his hero instead of contending with the Rebellion the French were able to strengthen their rule in Algeria and eventually part of it became a
Metropolitan District of France the mother country would not relinquish its grip on Algeria until the prolonged and bloody struggles of the post-war conflict the lwa poin Village ruse 1936 Hitler himself described his reoccupation of the Rand an area demilitarized under the pride Treaty of as the first and greatest risk that he
Took in the reestablishment of German military power and territorial stature one of the key contributory processes in the buildup to World War II yet the German military of the time was as weak as a kitten and Hitler later admitted that the slightest hint of French reaction to the audacious move would
Have sced his plans as part of the effort to discourage French intervention in the German air force the lwaa resorted to a classic tactical deception of the kind known as a pin chorer or poin Village ruse the term poin Village derives from the alleged activities of the Russian nobleman Prince Gregory
Alexandrovich pokin a leading figure at the th Century Court of Catherine the Great pokin a former lover of Katherine remained a favorite and was rewarded with a series of posts culminating in his appointment as governor general of new Russia an area that included the recently Annex but desperately backwards
Crimea pokin was determined to make his taty new realm that would impress both his mistress and the assembled ambassadors of Europe’s leading Nations improving Russia standing in the courts of Europe and boosting his own stock with Katherine secret history in Katherine began a gr tour of the region
Mainly traveling by boat along the river deer popular myth probably initiated by the Saxon Envoy to Russia George Von helig an enemy of pokin holds that the prince constructed entire fake Villages out of past board displayed them on the banks of the river for the edification of the traveling Imperial party and then
Dismantled them and hurried them Downstream to be erected again in this fashion it was alleged poin endeavored to conceal the real Poverty of the region and make it seem more prosperous and developed in practice the story is almost certainly untrue but the the term pan chador or poin Village has come to
Mean a sham or Hollow deception of this kind the poin Village type Ru has been employed by commanders in many different Wars to help an inferior force create the impression of a more substantial one a particularly notable example was the defense of the York James Peninsula by the confederate general Prince John
Mcder McGruder was known for his love of theatricals but the task of holding off Comm Union Soldiers with a force of just common men would call for a performance of rare WID one of the deceptions mcder mounted was to March a battalion along the defensive line in front of the Union
Force keeping it undercover except where it passed through a small clearing in the woods through which the marching soldiers would be clearly visible to their enemy mcder had the single Battalion circle around the clearing for the entire so that to the union onlookers it seemed as if a constant
Train of soldiers was passing by indicating a force of considerable size the union general mlen was so taken in by this and other tricks that he delayed his attack for a month giving the Confederates time to withdraw without losing a man in the German military was forced to rely on such devices to
Conceal its weakness particularly when attempting something as potentially explosive as the remilitarization of the ruses and deception ronland both the emasculation of the German military and the demilitarization of the ronland were terms of the veride treaty devised by the vengful Allies after World War I aimed at shackling the German threat and
Preventing it from Raising its head once more these moves were led by the French long the natural enemies of Germany and the European balance of power who saw the ronland area as an essential buffer between the two countries but the harsh terms of the vers settlement fostered bitterness and resentment in Germany and
A revisionist urge to roll back the insults of the treaty lent impetus to the rise of Hitler and his nationalist party a key element in the Nationalist agenda was the Reclamation of Germany’s former borders and this included the military reoccupation of the Ron land despite what seemed to Hitler like the
Very real risk of a violent French reaction that might humiliate the resurgent nation and topple him from Power the ronand reoccupation was probably in Hitler’s mind for some time but he was emboldened by the feeble response of the briti and French to Italian transgressions in Africa in I.E
The invasion of Ethiopia on March he ordered his troops to cross the r but he was terrified of what would happen happened if the French responded with Force the German Detachment was feeble as he later told spear if the French had taken any action we would have been easily defeated our resistance would
Have been over in a few days the weakest link in the German military was the lwaa only two squadrons of aircraft could be mobilized and only 10 of the planes were armed if the French got wind of the vulnerability of the German expeditionary Force they might overcome
Their political inera and sent in the troops deception was vital the L waffer resorted to the poin Village R to fool the chief of the French Air Force who was touring the airfields as he progressed from one Airfield to the next the few aircraft available went on ahead
In secret secret history changing their markings each time and giving the impression that the left was much better equipped than it really was how much of a role this information played in French calculations is impossible to say but it is true that the French did not have the
Appetite for the military risks that a Counterattack would bring thanks perhaps to the poan Village R they did not realize just how slight those risks actually were do instead of marching their own forces into the ronland which would have led to a speedy withdrawal by the Germans and sent Hitler scuttling
Back to Berlin with his tail between his legs the French acquest to the new State of Affairs in strategic terms the reoccupation of the ronand was significant the Germans were able to build a fortification line opposite France’s magino line securing Germany’s border with France and allowing Hitler
To turn his attention to Central Europe perhaps more signicant was the effect on Hitler’s thinking according to Richard over the road toward the ronland coup was a turning point from Hitler began to take foreign policy more into his own hands success in the ronland fed his
Distorted belief that he had a pack with Destiny the bloodless victories fueled nationalist enthusiasm and eroded the tactics of restraint the r was Hitler’s Rubicon once he had crossed it his territorial Ambitions escalated his grieve for land and his belief that the Allies would pursue a policy of
Appeasement would eventually lead to war the battle of the River Plate 1939 deception ruse and trickery have been an integral part of Naval Warfare since at least the great age of sale of the late T Century ships routinely sent false signals flew false colors disguised themselves paint injury or otherwise
Practice to deceive but Naval commanders also followed strict rules of conduct the ships true colors for instance were always rues and deception hoisted just before battle was joined the battle of the River Plate in December Illustrated both of these Traditions the British Navy used a classic Bluff to help win
The first major naval battle of World War II in the process convincing a German captain to Scuttle his own ship in the face of inferior forces that he could easily have eluted or destroyed before his own sense of Honor sent him to a tragic end in the early months of
World War II the German Navy seemed to have the upper hand youat sank thousands of tons of Allied Shipping while an even greater threat was posed by the pocket Battleship Admiral graph speed. forbidden from building proper battleships under the terms of the Treaty of Versa the Germans had produced
An Innovative and fearsome new type of ship a Heavy Cruiser or pocket Battleship faster than a fullsize battleship this new ship had the fire power range and armor of a much larger vessel and was more than a match for British destroyers or Cruisers of the time in 3 months of cruising in the
Atlantic the graphs spe had already sunk nine ships totaling commat tons and threatened vital Allied Shipping Lines that affected theaters of operation from Egypt to Singapore no less than nine Allied hunting groups were detailed to search for her drawing ships from other areas it was hunting Group G under
Commodor Harwood that finally tracked her down in the bay off the mouth of the River Plate between Uruguay and Argentina on December dot although there were three ships in his Squadron the exitor Ajax and achilles Harwood was out gun the graphs spe could simply keep out of range of the smaller ships while
Pounding them with her heavy guns disregarding orders captain langdorf of the graphs spe decided to engage the enemy ships and a fierce battle followed the exitor was badly mauled with one gun turret destroyed a direct hit to the bridge and the deck in flames and had to
Retire from the battle both of the other Royal Navy ships also took hits but Harwood Squadron had done enough damage to the secret history graph speed to convince langdorf that he needed to run for a neutral Port where he could repair the damage before attempting to break
Through the Squadron and escape on the morning of December the German ship headed for the Uruguayan Port of montoo with the two remaining Royal Navy sh ships shadowing her every move and taking up station in the Estuary of the River Plate patrolling back and forth to
Make sure their prey did not slip out unobserved Harwood signal for reinforcements to arrive as soon as humanly possible the British Naval Ad In Mono was surprised to find the powerful German ship M on his patch but the world’s media soon descended on the scene to broadcast every move to a
Fascinated world this was the first major Naval engagement of the war in some ways it was the first time that the British and the Germans had been properly pitched against one another both sides had much to gain or lose in terms of prestige and morale thinking that he was preventing the Germans from
Gaining any advantage the British adese Henry Mall asked the uans to invoke the rules applying to an undamaged ship in a neutral Port it would have to leave or the crew would Beed Mall soon realized his mistake a short conversation with commodor Harwood left him and no doubt
That the two Royal Navy ships would be no match for the graph spe should langdorf decided to attempt to break out it was vital to keep her import as long as possible to give time for reinforcements to come up but the nearest ships that could pose a threat
To the pocket Battleship were over common miles away the only ship that could reach them in time was the light Cruiser Cumberland a ship too small to worry the graph speed. somehow the British needed to convince the Germans and especially captain langdorf that a much larger force was waiting for him
While keeping him in Port for a period long enough to make the deception plausible a combination of scops I.E propaganda and diplomatic maneuvering would be necessary rues and deception to keep the graphs spe in Port Mall made clever use of the H convention governing the use of neutral ports in Wartime
Under these rules a warship had to give a departing enemy merchant ship how’s Grace I.E if a British Freer left monteo the graph spe would be bound to wait 4 hours before sailing langdorf was a sailor in the traditional mold with little enthusiasm for the Nazis and
Could be counted upon to do The Honorable thing Mcall arranged for a series of British Merchant ships to leave at intervals of a day and the graph speed was duly immobilized meanwhile the Admiral he launched a campaign of deception masterminded by Winston Churchill at this point still
First Lord stories were planted in the British and neutral press claiming that the waiting British Squadron included the renowned Battleship the ark Royal an aircraft carrier and their Associated escorts the front page of the New York Times carried headlines about a reinforced Allied Fleet rumors planted in Waterfront bars and diplomatic
Circles circulated the story that the Renown and Arc Royal had just refueled in Rio de Jiro and the taale was backed up by ordering extra fuel from an Argentine Naval Base Argentine newspapers considered friendly to the Germans quoted reliable sources to the effect that more than five Cruisers were
Waiting for the graph spe even the BBC joined in reporting a live account of the non-existent fleet to back up the deception Harwood had the Achilles signal to ships Over the Horizon as if they were the Renown and her escort when the Cumberland arrived the German Lookouts expecting to see the bigger
Ship reported her riging that of the renowned do Captain langdorf was completely taken in he radioed his position back to Berlin strategic position off monteo besides the Cruisers and destroyers Arc Royal and Renown closed blockade at night Escape into open sea and break through to home Waters is secret history hopeless
Request decision on whether the ship should be scuttled in spite of insufficient depth in the Estuary of the plate or whether internment is preferred the reply was tur no interment in Uruguay attempt effective destruction if ship is scuttled langdorf took what he believed was the only course available
On Sunday December he sailed the graph spe out into the middle of the Estuary and set off charges that scuttled and burned her he and his men accepted internment in German friendly Argentina but when they arrived in buies they discovered the deception langsdorf honorable to the end wrapped himself in
The German Naval IGN and shot himself pictures of the burning sunken graphs be circled the world as did news of the captain suicide it was a major propaganda coup for the British and a huge embarrassment for the Germans more importantly it helped to make the transatlantic shipping lanes a lot safer
For Allied traffic supporting farflung theaters of War bodyguard of Lies the dday deception 1944 the D-Day Landings of June were the culmination of Operation Overlord the largest and most complex Seaborn military operation ever seen the future of Europe and the lives of over a million men were at stake but
Success depended on another operation one that took place behind the scenes involving trickery deceit double agents diversion and the utmost secrecy operation Bodyguard the largest deception operation in history this then is the secret history of The dday Landings in Continental Europe l in the grip of the Nazis stal made it in the
West Hitler had turned his attention to Russia where after initial success the German Army had suffered some shocking defeats and was on the back foot the war rues and deception had reached a pivotal point if the Western allies could pull off a successful Invasion the defeat of
The Nazis was virtually assured but to achieve such an under taking they would have to overcome enormous odds an amphibious assault on Hitler’s Fortress Europe could easily come horribly unstuck if the Nazis knew where and when the blow would fall the terrible consequences of failure were graphically Illustrated in late April when American
Invasion training exercise tiger went terribly wrong a convoy of American ships was surrounded by Germany boats and torn to shreds even if the invasion forces could establish a successful Beach head the Allied commanders knew that the true outcome would be decided by the subsequent race to build up
Forces in the focal area the Germans with reinforcements immediately on hand and dramatically simpler supply routes might easily win the battle of the buildup and fling The Invasion Force back into the sea even in terms of sheer numbers the Germans had the upper hand with many more divisions available in
Western Europe than the Allies could muster at that time in Britain thus the deception operation would need to work on three levels the Strategic level of large scale disposition of armies around the continent the operational level of Divisions around the target area and the Tactical level of units around the
Actual Invasion beaches Allied planners needed somehow to prevent the Germans concentrating their armies in Northwest France to prevent those divisions already there from concentrating in Normandy and to protect the landing craft and airborne troops of the initial assault their response was the impressive operation bodyguard operation bodyguard took its name from a comment
Churchill had made to Stalin at the teron conference of in Wartime truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of Lies it was a vast project involving six principal plans and subordinate operations with a scope that ranged from the broadest overview to the smallest detail secret
History conceiving and orchestrating this complex plot was the modeling crew of the London controlling section LCS a top secret unit headed by former stock broker Colonel John beon which included among its staff and actor a soap Factory manager and the horror novelist Dennis weatley together they would help draw up
A plan to fool the Germans on the Strategic operational and tactical levels Zeppelin and fortitude North although the Germans were well aware that Northwest France was probably the main target for an Allied invasion the Strategic elements of operation bodyguard aim to make think that invasions would be launched in other
Theaters of conflict a plethora of diversionary fake operations were launched intended to concentrate German attention on Spain turkey Sweden and both the Atlantic and Southern coasts of France but the two primary strategic deception plans operation zein and Operation Fortitude North targeted the Balkans and Norway respectively the
Balkans made an obvious Target for the Allies since the area included vital oil fields while Hitler placed great store in the support of his allies in the region operations Zeppelin included extensive efforts to make it seem that the Allies were close to Turning these Balan States and getting them to switch
Sides or rebel against their Nazi Allied Leaders at the same time bogus radio traffic and fake preparations made it look as though the Allies were getting ready to launch amphibious assaults and invasions from their bases in the near East Zeppelin proved to be a major success in March Hitler felt compelled
To invade Hungary and threaten Romania to keep them in line while important divisions were moved from do this operation code named Royal Flush recalled the Elizabethan diplomatic intrigues that induced the Ottoman Empire to threaten Philip of Spain’s Mediterranean interests forcing him to divert part of his Navy away from the
Armada Invasion attempt rues and deception France to the Balkans to secure the region among them were some of the best SS paner divisions which were replaced in France by under strength infantry divisions Operation Fortitude North was an elaborate plan to convince the Germans that an assault was
Planned on Norway partly as a way of pressuring Sweden to cut off Germany’s vital supply of special great iron ore the LCS planned as if launching a genuine operation and Drew up a detailed Invasion scheme that involved an assault on a port and Airfield followed by movement against major towns the attack
Was scheduled for after the real dday Landings so that German forces would be kept tied down in Scandinavia during the genuine Invasion as the obvious assembly point for a real Norwegian invasion was Scotland this was also the center for the fake operations a mixture of real and imaginary divisions were detailed to
Make up the fictional fourth Army group for instance the Rd Infantry Division a real unit was sent to Scotland for training exercises that would prepare them for the real Invasion but their activities were given a Scandinavian spin with a mountain Warfare element the soldiers were given Norwegian lessons
And even with mountain labeled shoulder flashes Real Mountain Warfare equipment such as snow plows was mustered in dunde Harbor all available ships were mured in the fth of fourth and fake troop barges and landing craft were created complete with the details required to make them seem genuine such as lines of washing
And smoke from funnels local newspapers joined in with the fiction reporting fourth Army football matches and weddings between local girls and imaginary troops such activities were largely window dressing for by this time German intelligence was severely hampered by Allied control of the Skies this meant that few reconnaissance
Flights were possible so that German intelligence was forced to rely on two main methods of intelligence gathering radio intercepts and secret agents The crucial elements of both fortitude North and South secret history see below would be the deceivers manipulation of these channels of information by generating bogus radio traffic and by feeding disinformation
Through double agents in Scotland the key element was radio deception the man in charge of the fortitude North deception Colonel rodri McLoud and Authority on Military deception put together a team of radio technicians to simulate the volume and pattern of radio traffic that would be generated by such
A large Force fake signals had to be made not just for combat divisions but also for all the support units that would be expected such as the th field cach office or a special film and photographic section both imaginary radio signals covered everything from fake assault exercises to fake orders
For skis and snow boots to Guild the L double agents were given false information about the fourth Army group to feat to their Nazi spy Masters for example an agent Cod named Brutus described the Insignia of the new Army group while another Coden named Hamlet discovered that the ministry of economic
Warfare had embargoed files relating to the Norwegian Target towns a separate operation Coden named graph aame to back up Nazi fears about the northern Invasion route air Commodore Thornton was given the notional rank of air Vice Marshall and sent to visit his old friend the commander-in-chief of the
Swedish Air Force Thornton and the swed discussed possible Swedish involvement in Norway but his real purpose was to be seen by German agents who duly reported suspicious high level diplomatic contacts that seemed to confirm Allied intentions towards Scandinavia another element of GRA was ricking the Swedish stock market to raise the value of
Norwegian stocks as if anticipating that country’s Liberation although the Germans never believed that a major invasion of Norway was likely they did believe in the existence of the fourth Army and the possibility of a minor landing and maintained a force of 18 divisions common men including a paner tank division in Scandinavia throughout
The rues and deception Normandy Invasion the immobilization of such a force was a good return for the efforts of the men who made up the fourth Army Fortitude South it was clear to both sides that the genuine Invasion blow would have to fall on the northwest coast of France
Only the short hop across the channel would allow for the logistical requirements of such an operation with its attendant need for the transport of millions of men thousands of machines and huge quantities of oil supplies and ammo maintaining and defending lines of communication across more than a few
Miles would be impossible so it was clear to Hitler from as early as that the top priority for the defense of Fortress Europe should be Northwest France and clear to the Allied planners that their strategic deceptions could achieve only distractions at best what they needed was deception at an
Operational level a way of convincing Hitler and his generals that the blow would fall on a different part of Northwest France and at a later date than the real effort the result was Operation Fortitude South the most important part of operation bodyguard fortunately for the Allies the most important condition for a successful
Deception was already in place plausibility for the most obvious Invasion route was via the poal area which offered the shortest route across the channel access to a major port and the quickest way of reaching strategic objectives that Hitler was convinced must be uppermost in Allied plans particularly the V rocket launch sites
And the major German industrial areas this belief was backed up by the unsuccessful raate onab which seemed to show that the Allies did indeed plan to seize a major port as the only logical means of facilitating the rapid buildup of forces that would be necessary for a successful Invasion secret history in
Practice the Allies had drawn the opposite conclusion from the de to Backle which had shown that there was little chance of capturing a port intact and in working condition instead British and American Ingenuity devised means of working without aort thanks to the floating concrete harbors of the mberry
Project and the under SE oil pipeline Project Pluto see below Allied planners were able to select an alternative Invasion Target while arranging a massive deception based on the more obvious area this deception would continue even after The dday Landings and the invasion of Normandy to pin down
German forces in the poal and prevent the arrival of reinforcements in the Normandy area as with the deception operation in Scotland Fortitude South revolved around a fictitious Army group the first US Army group or fusag that would muster in southeast England this notional Army was under the command of
General George S Patton a charismatic but unpredictable figure who had fallen from favor in Allied circles because of incidents of poor judgment but who was very highly regarded by the Germans they thought it entirely likely that he would be leading the assault forces and were misled by his actions during the buildup
To dday and by his absence from Normandy after The Landings they could not conceive that the Normandy invasion could be the main event if Paton was not present eling of real units was attached to fusag and stationed in the area to enhance the credibility of the ruse as
They transferred to Normandy after dday they would be replaced by fictional units many drawn from the fake fourth Army group in Scotland in this way fusag lived on for several months after The dday Landings themselves numerous sub operations helped to ensure the plausibility of fusag and confirmed German beliefs that Southeast England
Was to be the jumping off point for the main Invasion the main sub plans were code named Quicks I 6 Quicks ey was the central deception that fusag would launch the ruses and deception major Allied invasion on the PO some weeks after the Normandy operation Quicksilver 2 involved the generation of huge
Volumes of bogus radio traffic created by special units some equipped with transmitters that could multiply their signals so that one operator could appear to be six others were based in trucks that spent all day hering around the Kent Countryside broadcasting from as many different locations as possible
To give the impression of multiple units the fake radio traffic was produced with incredible attention to detail and subtle touches it reproduced the frequency and pattern of a real army group and The Operators replicated the individual broadcasting quirks and styles that the eve dropping Germans would expect to hear from the signals
Men attached to each unit the messages themselves came from a script book prepared by the planners at Supreme headquarters Allied expeditionary Force sha this included the now th celebrated message Battalion Queens Royal regiment report a number of Civilian women presumably un author East in the baggage
Train what are we going to do with them take them to Cal other Quicks operations included arranging dummy landing craft and other craft around the coast of Southeast England and dummy aircraft on southeastern airfields together with fake lighting schemes to add to the illusion of a buildup or help to divert
Enemy bombers attacking the real jumping off area such Illusions had been perfected earlier in the war to deceive German bombers into getting lost missing their target towns or aiming long or short set designers from shepher and film studios were employed to create an impressive fake oil storage and docking
Facility neared over the king and General Montgomery paid highly publicized visits to the site and special effects using smoke generators and flares created a convincing response when the facility was hit by long-range German shells the fake storage facility was a cover for the real operation the pipeline under the ocean Pluto secret
History the business end of this top secret technology was concealed behind a number of innocent facades for instance one pumping station was disguised as a Seaside ice cream stall even Allied bombing raids on the continent were carefully arranged to Foster the impression that the Cal region was the
Primary target for every bombing run on Normandy there were two in the Cal region in May ranking German prisoner of war General Hans Kramer was said to be repatriated on health grounds LCS seed on the opportunity to have a trusted German pass on firsthand disinformation to his superiors Kramer was taken from
His camp in Wales to London and told he was being taken by the southeast but was actually driven by The Invasion buil up area in the southwest on arrival in London he died with Patton who was introduced as the commander of fusag and who managed to accidentally mention K
When Kramer got back to Berlin he duly reported the picture that LCS had so carefully painted for him the many disperate elements of Fortitude South though impressive and extremely successful mainly served to back up the picture that the Germans were receiving from their most highly valued sources of intelligence their secret agents
Unbeknown to them most of these agents had in fact been turned by British intelligence and now operated under the opes of the XX committee as double agents it was these double agents who were to prove the most important and effective element of operation bodyguard One agent in particular known to the
British as Garbo made such an impact that he became known as The Spy Who Saved dday Garbo the spy who saved dday a combination of diligent counterespionage work and the access to German radio traffic provided by the ultra project cpage meant that the domestic intelligence service May rses
And deception was able to intercept most of the German agents sent to Britain often these agents could be turned making them into valuable tools for counterespionage and later ction under the opes of a special committee called the xx- double cross or 20 committee after the Roman numerals according to JC
Masterman chairman of the 20 committee we actively ran and controlled the German Espionage system in Britain dot the double cross system overseen by the 20 committee helped with deception operations covering North African Landings in the Balan deceptions of operations Zeppelin and others but really came into its own with Operation
Fortitude examples of double agents included treasure a Russian born French journalist named Natalie seru who had been recruited by the Germans but then decided to offer her services to Britain she convinced the Germans to send her to London and once there was debrief by me revealed her cryptographic secrets and
Was used to pass misleading information back to her German controller and she told him that she had a new boyfriend a US Soldier with the fictional 14th Army based in the Southeast and obviously preparing for the fake invasion aimed at the PO Cal however treasure was
Unreliable and began to act up after an angry Showdown with her me controllers she was fired and her employment as a double agent came to an end she moved back to France and later wrote her memoirs in which she lambasted her British controllers as gangsters nonetheless treasure had done her part
To further the dday deception plans the greatest of the double agents was undoubtedly Garbo the codeen name given to a Spaniard named Juan fugel so effective was he that he became probably the only man in history to have been awarded both the Iron Cross and the MB
Pugel had served under Frank during the Spanish Civil War an experience that convinced him that neither the fascists nor secret history Communists had the answer and that only Britain could Safeguard liberal principles in Europe and he approached the British in Madrid to offer his Services as a spy but was
Turned down he then approached the Germans and was taken on by the edware the German military intelligence agency given the code name KO later changed to arabel and tasked to spy on the British thus armed he once again approached the British but was again turned down
Nothing daunted pugel simply set up as a sort of freelance double agent settling in Lisbon in neutral Portugal but pretending to his German controllers that he was actually in Britain finally in the British relented and fugil moved to England under the code name Garbo while in lisban Garbo had started to use
Imaginary sub agents to help extend his notional intelligence gathering abilities these fictional people had supposedly been recruited by Garbo and often subsequently recruited many networks of their own working with his British controllers Garbo eventually extended his fake Network to include fictitious sub agents often inventing colorful Back stories for them and even
Subjecting them to intelligence tests which they sometimes failed they ranged from a gibraltarian x- waiter to a group of disgruntled Welsh nationalists who had banded together with an Indian to form Brothers in the Aran World Order Garbo described their activities to his German controller as very limited and rather ridiculous apparently they spent
Most of their time making lists of Communists and Jews who would be executed when the arean world order was declared information gathered by this network of imaginary agents was passed on to Berlin by Garbo controller in Madrid in an endless stream of messages sometimes several each day building for
The Germans a picture of fusac fictional activities occasionally the disinformation was bolstered with reports on real units from Montgomery’s 21st Army group rues and deception preparing for the Normandy invasion when these units were subsequently recognized in France Garbo’s credibility with the Germans was enormously enhanced Garbo’s reports also helped to head off German
Suspicions about troop concentrations in the southwest by May the Germans had bought the fortitude order of battle almost to the last in one daring Move It was decided that in order not to undermine Garbo’s credibility he would have to pass out a message alerting the Germans to the
Launch of Operation Neptune the dday amphibious assault by sending the message just before the troops hit the beaches it was assumed that no serious harm could be done to The Landings and Garbo’s Communications regarding Neptune always carried the implicit assumption that it was simply a precursor to the
Main event as it turned out the Germans were not listening and Garbo was able to pass on a detailed message that impressed the Germans when they eventually received it too late to make any difference while also berating them for their laxness after The Landings on June Garbo’s deception entered a new
Phase if anything more important than before one crucial intervention in particular earned him the so the spy who saved dday immediately after The Landings the German command on the ground in Normandy pleaded with the high command to release armored divisions that were thanks to the success of the operational deception being held in
Reserve to cover the expected main attack on the PO these units including an SS paner division had the potential to shatter The Fragile Allied foothold on the evening of June with the vital divisions already on their way towards Normandy Garbo sent an now celebrated message to his German contacts after
Personal consultation on June with my agents whose reports I sent today I am of the opinion that these operations are a diversionary maneuver designed to secret history draw off enemy reserves in order to make an attack at another place it may very probably take place in
The pot deal area after the war Allied intelligence recovered the actual tele printed message that had been received in Berlin the military’s chief of intelligence craker had underlined and read the part about the diversionary maneuver designed to drw off enemy reserves in order to make an attack at
Another place and had penciled in a comment of his own confirms of view already held by us that a further attack is to be expected in another place Belgium dot this message was subsequently shown to Hitler the results were dramatic the SS paner divisions advancing on Normandy were stopped in
Their tracks and sent back to Belgium where they set out the desperate battle for Normandy until it was too late according to the official historian of fortitude Roger HTH senior intelligence Personnel were convinced that it was Garbo’s message of the th June which changed the course of the battle in
Normandy Garbo continued to send his poison chal Isis to Berlin until the last days of the war when it affecting German intelligence agent in Madrid eager to save his own skin offered to reveal to the British the existence of a super spy Network in Britain obviously this would compromise Garbo in the eyes
Of German intelligence since they would expect the British to arrest him a story was concocted where by Garbo allegedly fled to South Wales to hold up with his Welsh nationalist contacts and a Belgian a fellow fugitive and he wrote suitably desolate letters to his German controller describing the boredom and
Isolation and complaining that the Belgian is a man who is a little simple I do not know whether his brains atrophied finally in May Garbo and his German controller agreed that he should try to escape to Spain and arranged a meeting at a cafe in Madrid where he was
To Signal his identity by carrying the London news do in this way just after the end ruses and deception of the war Garbo was able to finally meet the aware controller kenal who had been his conwi for so much disformation according to hesketh the German was delighted to
Finally meet one he regarded as a Superman and Keen to ask this master spy for help in escaping Allied Justice Garbo said that he would see what he could do but now he was leaving for Portugal how do you propose to get from Spain to Portugal asked kenth Garbo
Replied clandestinely there was no doubt in the minds of the Allied planners that the double cross system was the key element in the success of the Strategic and operational deceptions practiced on the Germans in the official history of the operation Roger hes commented there is only one method which combines the
Qualities of precision certainty and speed necessary for the conduct of strategic deception at long range and over an extended period and that is the double cross agent by setting up the double cross system the British Security Service laid the foundation for all that fortitude achieved so what exactly had
Fortitude achieved at strategic and operational levels it had been a resounding success major German forces had been decoyed to the Balkans or pinned down in Scandinavia while in Northwest France the main bulk of the German forces the 15th Army were concentrated around the P even the formidable Coastal defenses of Hitler’s
Much haunted Atlantic Wall were concentrated in the Deo area while the German High command was so in the dark about the timing of the operation that many senior officers including the well respected RL went on leave the day before The Invasion most crucially of all fortitude succeeded in convincing
The Germans that the Normandy Landings were just a sesow a curtain Razer for the main event according to General Omar Bradley General Patton Superior and Commander of us first Army during The Landings writing in his Memoirs secret history while the enemy seventh Army overworked and under strength struggled
To pin us down in the beach head the German High command declined to reinforce it with troops from the P there for seven decisive weeks the 15th Army waited for an invasion that never came convinced beyond all reasonable doubt that Patton would lead the main Allied assault across the narrow neck of
The channel thus the enemy immobilized 19 divisions and played into our hands in the biggest single hooks of a War battlefield deceptions on dday the use of deception did not stop at the Strategic and operational levels to help protect the invasion Fleet and the paratroops dropping in ahead of it and
So confusion among the defending forces a battery of tactical deception methods were employed for instance it was important to cover the approach of the Neptune Fleet from detection by German radar stations which might then scramble aircraft or alert German Naval patrols the first step was air attacks on many
Radar installations which succeeded in destroying the the most dangerous ones but left operable those stations that could pick up Dey fleets the fake fleets were created using ingenious radar deception Technologies the forerunners of today’s Ultra high-tech electronic warfare gadgets and stealth technology to give the illusion of a fleet
Approaching elab to the east of the actual Target beaches the dumbster Squadron RF flew a complex and Dangerous Mission called taxable this involved flights of aircraft dropping clouds of aluminium foil strips in carefully coordinated sequence the clouds of foil called window created the ucer radar profile of a fleet of ships as the
Groups of aircraft Advanced making new drops so the ucer fleet seemed to advance in practice this required the bombers to execute a rigid rses and deception pattern of turns for several hours while flying in a crowded sky during a moonless night miraculously there were no collisions to back up the
Taxable deception small ships to radar reflecting balloons and equipped with radar reflectors and loud speakers recreating the noise of a huge Fleet Advanced up the channel past ellab and away from the actual Invasion Fleet the Germans were fooled aircraft ships and Shore batteries were turned on the Dey
Fleet but the real Fleet sailed unmolested and the German implements guarding the target beaches received no warning of the approaching Onslaught more window was dropped by a small group of bombers over the S this had the effect of creating a radar profile of a massive bombing raid lwaa KN Fighters
Were scrambled to chase the non-existent bombing Fleet allowing the vulnerable transport planes carrying paratroops to slip through and release their loads among the first wave of drops was Operation Titanic this involved dummy parachutists being dropped outside the main target areas along with a few SAS paratroops equipped with gramophones to
Help them simulate the sounds of entire battalions and battle noises Titanic worked brilliantly helping to thoroughly confuse the German divisions guarding the Normandy area Reserve units that should have been defending the beaches or dealing with real paratroops were instead L on Wild Goose chases around the countryside one of the main
Successes of Titanic was in helping to relieve the disastrous landing at Omaha Beach here the Americans had run a foul of a series of unfortunate mistakes and thousands of them were pinned down on the beach however the defending forces lacked the reserves they needed to properly Counterattack because they had
Been dispersed through the countryside to hunt down bogus paratroops instead of visiting a terrible Massacre on the Americans and opening a dangerous Gap in the Allied lines the German Defenders were eventually forced back secret history the success of operation bodyguard operation bodyguard succeeded at every level helping to ensure the
Success of the initial Landings and the subsequent Battle of the buildup and making the breakout possible what followed was the rapid liberation of most of France and the beginning of the end for the Nazis but the true success of bodyguard can perhaps best be assessed by looking at the what if
Scenario if the operation had failed The dday Landings might well have been rebuffed by Superior German forces the Allies would have found it extremely difficult to attempt another Invasion and the Nazis Western Front would have been secure for years to come Hitler could have Consolidated his grip on
Europe and turned his full attention to staving off the Russian threat while the secret weapons being developed by the Germans in which Hitler put so much Faith might successfully have been brought into proper use the Western allies might even have been forced to seek some sort of accommodation with the
Nazi regime these were the true Stakes for operation bodyguard without it what might Europe look like today the Hail Mary play and the invasion of Kuwait 1991 nearly years after the grand deceptions of dday another Allied Commander planned an invasion deception on a massive scale this time a coalition
Of nearly countries aimed to drive the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait after its invasion of the oil Rich Kingdom under the leadership of American General Norman schwarts cop this complex Alliance had to defeat an army of0 million troops and overcome armored vehicles well entrenched and confident
Of the effect of its mass Firepower at the time the Iraqi Army was said to be one of the world’s largest and after a brutal war with Iran during the S toughest General Schwarz SC was keenly aware of the potential cost rues and deception in lives a massive amphibious
Assault on occupied Kuwait might incur and wanted to do everything in his power to minimize Allied casualties for an American general in the post Vietnam era with its pervasive media coverage and fear of the bodyback syndrome the massive swing in domestic public opinion that could be produced by images of
American Dead such concerns were only politically expedient part of the modern generals remit is to manage the political as well as military aspects of War a defeat on the battlefield might not be the only way to lose the Gulf War with the goal of minimal casualties in
Mind schwar SC formulated a daring plan based on a huge operational deception a plan he called the Hail Mary play after an American football play in which all is sted on a single long pass to the end zone its dramatic success would determine the course of the first Gulf
War and inform American attitudes towards future military operations with consequences being felt today the Iraqis had based their deployment on what seemed like the most obvious route of attack for the Coalition infantry and armor were arranged along the border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia where Coalition forces were massing and around
The angle where these borders met with Ira they were also dug in along the Kuwaiti Coast in Kuwait City buildings along the shore had been evacuated and prepared as defensive implements Reserve divisions were mustered to the north of Kuwait protecting the Iraqi oil fields the Iraqis were ready for the expected
Combination of an amphibious assault and a push from Saudi into Kuwait Swartz scop and his planners were aware that Iraqi intelligence capabilities were largely limited to what they could learn from the media CNN being a favorite source of info and they made skillful use of the media to reinforce Iraqi
Beliefs President Bush and other leaders emphasized the limits of their un mandate to liberate Kuwait which made no mention of secret history invading Iraq the initial American Force was organized around the Marine Expeditionary Brigade and amphibious task groups and television news crews were given access to amphibious assault exercises by the
Marines press briefings revolved around the sort of tactics that would be important to an amphibious assault the Americans also used scops by dropping Leets on Iraqi troops in Kuwait showing still his Marines smashing down on the shore with terrified Iraqis fleeing before them everything was geared to give the impression that a huge
Amphibious assault was in the offing in practice however swar scop was planning a daring ground offensive that would simply skirt the Iraqi troop concentrations by striking deep into the heart of Iraq encircling the bulk of the forces and entirely Sid stepping their laboriously prepared defenses success depended on surprise so it was essential
To cover the movement of armored divisions and their massive logistical support the first step in this operational deception was to build up the ground forces where the Iraqis would expect them in mid January all the Coalition forces were arranged near or to the east of the tri border Junction
Between Kuwait Iraq and Saudi Arabia extensive air attacks destroyed Iraqi air capability and with it reconnaissance capability what followed was an audacious redeployment as the twoy US formations the S and 18 Corp along with some Coalition ajuns swapped places with Saudi and Kuwai forces in the East and moved even further
Westwards to take up starting positions hundreds of miles further along the Iraqi Saudi border over common men and common tanks were moved this redeployment together with huge accompanying traffic and supplies took place well back from the border so that the Iraqis would not be aware of it to
Fool their limited electronic e dropping capability deception cells were left behind to fake the electronic footprint of the redeploy units and a decoy rues and deception military base complete with fake missiles fuel dumps and radio traffic was created at the former 7 core base British units also practiced
Deception with fake radio traffic and a television report that showed an artillery unit practicing by the sea without mentioning that it was shortly to be redeployed Inland when The Invasion began on February it seemed initially to follow the pattern expected by the Iraqis Marine units demonstrated
I made a show of preparing to attack off the coast of Iraq and radio fre Kuwait reported that Marines had landed on one of the islands just off the coast meanwhile the first land attacks were made by units to the Eastern end of the Coalition line but the main thrust of
The invasion was the land assault to the west where the armored Core drove deep into Iraqi territory without encountering significant resistance thanks to the success of the Coalition air campaign the Iraqis were unable to redeploy to meet the genuine threat and the invasion was so successful that President Bush unilaterally declared a
Ceasefire on February Just 4 days after it had begun in immediate term schwarts got a successful plan of attack secured the liberation of Kuwait with minimal Coalition casualties arguably its longer term impact was more significant the combination of the air Campaign which allowed the prosecution of war from a
Distance and the successful deception which sided large scale American casualties meant that the American public could be served up a war without the messy consequences of the Vietnam era war was once again a politically feasible option for America’s leaders a consideration that arguably informed the decision to pursue a second Gulf War the
Iraq War and the WMT that never were 2003 one of the central planks of the case for war with Iraq and The Ting of Saddam Hussein was the allegation that he was trying to develop weapons of mass destruction WD secret history including nuclear biological and chemical weapons
It is now widely accepted that the intelligence that gave rise to this claim was faulty but recent developments in the Middle East and Washington have raised the possibility that there was much more to this failure of intelligence than an honest mistake according to sources close to the US
State department and the CIA America may have been tricked into going to war with Saddam Hussein by Iranian intelligence in what Larry Johnson a former senior counterterrorist official at the state department has called one of the most masterful intelligence operations in history Iran persuaded the US and
Britain to dispose of its greatest enemy at the heart of this murky story is Ahmed chalabi head of the Iraqi National Congress an influential group of anti-dam Iraqi Exiles who have gained positions of power in the post Saddam used regime chelby had the year of top Bush Administration policy makers and
According to some important us newspapers his contacts with defectors from the Saddam regime and his intelligence from within Iraq were crucial to building the case for war but he is now accused of being an Iranian intelligence plant who fed American Hawks what they wanted to hear while buing them for millions of dollars
Chal’s Defenders however insist that he is simply upon an intern conflict between neoconservatives based at the Pentagon and their opponents in the CIA and state department some even conclude that he has been smeared as part of us attempts to co he up to the UN by suppressing evidence of a huge un fraud
During the oil for a program in the S chal’s involvement with us intelligence States back to the first Gulf War at this time he was head of Jordan’s Petra bank and in close contact with CIA officials in Aman supplying them with highclass intelligence from within Iraq the Jordanian Bank subsequently
Collapsed almost taking the rest of the country’s economy with it according to Jordan rues and deception because chabby had systematically embezzled millions of dollars he escaped from the country hidden in the trunk of a car and now cannot visit most countries in the region for fear of being extradited back
To face charges chabby insists that the accusations of embezzlement are politically motivated chabby allegedly realized that America would fund anyone who could set up as a credible anti-dam opposition and started to draw huge sums of money for his Inc group over dollar million over the last years According to
Some he set up shop in the Kurdish controlled region of Iraq taking CIA money while providing intelligence and various schemes however chal’s involvement with Iranian intelligence dates back much further than his contact with the Americans allegedly he had a close personal relationship with aatala and helped Iranian intelligence during
The Iraq Iran War ofs he is even said to have used his CIA funding to pay for an Iranian intelligence office next to his own HQ as head of in’s own intelligence operation he employed a shur named Aris Kim khabib who the CIA knew to be an Iranian intelligence operative in fact
The CIA knew about chalab own involvement with the Iranians but while their aims coincided no one was bothered he fell out of favor with them and when he allegedly forged a document that suggested the US was going to assassinate Saddam and then let Iranian intelligence see it the incident
Triggered an FBI tigation new opportunities for chabby arose in with the election of George Bush and the accession of a new breed of conservatives to power in Washington led by the Vice President di Cheney and the defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld these neoconservatives as they are widely known took an aggressive stance on
Foreign policy and were particularly Keen to finish what Bush senior had started with the Gulf War by getting rid of Sadam Hussein both before and after the slash attacks secret history these ni conservative hws were gathering evidence against Saddam and drawing up plans for an invasion working against
Them were more cautious heads at the state department and the CIA in this power struggle for the direction of American policy the year of the president and the backing of US public opinion chalabe was a key weapon in order to circumvent the cia’s control of intelligence gathering duties Rumsfeld
Set up something called the office of special plans OSB essentially an in-house Intelligence Agency for the Pentagon with the specific remit of gathering evidence to back up near conservative aims Rumsfeld felt that the cia’s own assessments were too cautious his outfit would be much more aggressive
Much of the obb’s best material came by a chalabi and his man Aris khabib they uncovered a stream of defectors from the Saddam regime who told the Hawks just what they wanted to hear Iraq was pursuing wmd and had developed a range of capabilities chalabi assured the Hawks that the Iraqi people would
Welcome US troops as liberators and that his Inc could easily become the nucleus of a new democratic us friendly regime chabby also provided the source material for a number of important articles in major newspapers such as the New York Times which helped to swing public opinion behind the war it is now widely
Acknowledged that most of this information was groundless and misleading so where did it come from the CIA insists that it warned the Pentagon about chalab untrustworthiness and Iranian links right from the start but that they did not want to hear about it instead chalab Inc was generously funded
To the tune of dollar a month and he and a small ink militia were spirited into Iraq almost as soon as US troops secured an air base although the ink failed to receive the hero’s welcome they had led the Americans to expect chelby and his cronies were nonetheless given prominent
Positions in the occupation Administration chabby was made head of the deification rues and deception program and one of his allies was put in charge of the currency changing operation to replace Saddam Dinars with new Dinars it was widely suggested that the Pentagon saw shalabi as a president-elect for Iraq but still he
Was dogged by doubts and detractors some Iraqis warned that what was needed was a d shab ification policy weapons inspectors failed to uncover any evidence for wmds and doubts were cast on in intelligence the currency changeover operation became mired in accusations of massive fraud there were suggestions that the US was cooling on
Chelby then in May things seemed to fall apart all at once chelby was accused of implication in the currency change over problems the US National Security Agency the agency that deals with signals intelligence apparently intercepted an Iranian intelligence message about us decryption of its codes which gave
Chabby as the source for the information in other words chabby had told Iranian intelligence that the NSA had cracked their codes and were reading their Communications defense department funding of the ink was suspended and chalab Villa in Iraq was raided a warrant was issued for the arrest of
Aris khabib who promptly disappeared CIA and state department sources in Washington started to brief journalists that just as they had warned chabby was a double agent and that the intelligence he had provided to the OSP in the runup to the war was to liberate Iranian intelligence disinformation the CIA have
Asked the FBI to start an investigation into how chalabe might have acquired the sensitive information it is assumed that one of his Pentagon supporters must have shown him something they shouldn’t have there is talk of light detector tests and a number of high-profile neoconservatives have already publicly distanced themselves from Shelby
Certainly it would make sense for Iran to want to lure the us into topping Saddam hatred for Saddam is understandably secret history deep seated in Iran he started the war in the and allegedly used chemical weapons on Iranian troops Iraq was also the Region’s only genuine strategic counterbalance to Iran and its massive
Army a new regime in Iraq would be much more likely to give the Shia majority a prominent role and to include many Shia power Brokers with close ties to Iran getting America bogged down in the moras that the occupation has become would also be a good way of deflecting
Attention from Iran’s own nuclear weapons program and discouraging the a conservative Zeal for regime change operations against Iran there can be little doubt that the realities of the Iraq War have strengthened Iran’s position considerably According to some in the American intelligence Community it is now obvious what’s been going on
The Guardian newspaper quotes an intelligence Source in Washington as saying it’s pretty clear that the Iranians had us for breakfast lunch and dinner Iranian intelligence has been manipulating the US for several years through chelby others aren’t so sure some argue that chabby is simply being smeared as part of the power struggle
Between the c/ state department and the Pentagon in particular because of CIA at Rumsfeld setting up of the OBP there are even some suggestions that this argument is partisan in nature with the ci/ state camp being essentially anti-bush and anti-republican certainly the US military has recently come out in favor
Of the quality of much of the intelligence passed on by the Inc saying that it has helped to save us livs during operations against Rebels and terrorists while allegations about chalab involvement in a currency Scandal have been put down to complaints made by a disgruntled Iraqi finance ministry
Employee who is now in jail there are even suggestions that the US government as a whole is happy to smear chabby in an attempt to butter up the UN when the Saddam regime was first toppled the in were given access to the regime’s intelligence files they soon discovered
Evidence of massive fraud during the UN Administration of rses and deception the oil for a program in the S including allegations that Saddam had paid millions of dollars in Kickbacks and bribes to un officials at the time of writing the US is desperate to secure un backing for its plans for handing over
Sovereignty to a new Iraqi government perhaps smearing chalabe is part of an attempt to suppress evidence of colossal un corruption chalab supporters point to one obvious flaw in the CIA State accusations according to the CIA State Story the Iranian reaction to learning that their codes had been cracked and
That the NSA was e dropping on them was to use the same codes to send a message on the subject this seems like the height of stupidity surely the story cannot be true unless Iranian intelligence is engaged in a game of bantin complexity John Brady keing a former US Embassy political counselor
Suggests that the Iranians knew exactly what they were doing and wanted to get rid of chelby who had outlived his usefulness it is safest to assume that this gapff was deliberate the leak ended a disastrous month stalemate during which Paul Brer the US administrator had been unable to impose a coherent Iraqi
Reconstruction policy because Mr chelby had the Washington connections to thwart most concessions to Iraqi reality Iranians enjoyed America’s floundering in Iraq but only up to a point Mr chalab may have promised the Iranians the moon but the Iranians knew he was no more trustworthy as their partner than as the
US deliberately accidentally unmasking chalaby May simply be the endgame in Iran’s de manipulation of the US despite the apparent reversal of his fortunes chalabi may not suffer too badly in the long run in recent months he had started to bite the hand that fed him denouncing
US policy in Iraq in the context of the raid on his Villa and his new role as secret history an enemy of the us he has become even more vocal casting himself as an Iraqi hero standing up to the occupying infidels and playing up his Iranian connections given the poor image
Of America among Iraqis and the popularity of Iran chalabi may still be in the game secret rulers this chapter explores The Secret Lives of rulers including some who ruled in secret most sovereigns leave covered missions to their agents or underlings but in some notable cases such as Alexander the Great strange
Journey to a desert Shrine or the undercover UPS of the Cale haran Al Rashid they Carri them out in person other sovereigns rule in name only while the true power sits behind the throne in this chapter we meet some unsung women who wielded power in secret and the
Archetype of the Shadow ruler Cardinal rishel U Alexander the Great strange pilgrimage 331 BC Alexander the Great had such astonishing success that he became a near mythical figure in his own lifetime while stories about his exploits went on to form a staple of regional literature and Fable from
Europe to the borders of China by the age of just he had conquered most of the known world and created an Empire that would shape the cultures of the Mediterranean and the near and Middle East for centuries to come what motivated this prodigy where did he Acquire The Secret history unshakable
Self-belief that would Propel him beyond the borders of the known and into the realm of Legend perhaps the key moment in Alexander’s career The crucial encounter that was to guide his Destiny was his visit to the Oracle of Amon at the sea Asis deep in the North African
Desert although the story of this visit has become a legend it remains shrouded in mystery in BC Alexander invaded Egypt in practice he had already defeated the forces of Darius 3 King of Persia in the near East and Darius had fled back to Persia Egypt which had never been a
Willing subject of the Persian king was left essentially unguarded and welcomed the arrival of Alexander as a redeemer and liberator he was to spend several months in the country and given his otherwise Relentless program of Conquest this period has often been seen as a sort of holiday or at best an Ecentric
Side show to his main Pursuit Egypt was logistically important for Alexander securing him a strong Coastal base and strengthening his Communications with Greece it was key to his strategy of resting control of the Mediterranean trade routs from the Phoenicians but the country also held a deeper appeal for
Alexander raised on tales of the old gods by his mother Olympia and educated by his tutor Aristotle to believe that Egypt was the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of philosophy as he progressed down the Nile towards the ancient Capital at Memphis Egypt’s stunning temples awesome pyramids and ancient religion exerted still greater
Fascination for him on November BC Alexander was crowned pharaoh and acclaimed as a living God this was at odds with Greek tradition which frowned on deification of the living but might have chimed with Alexander’s growing conviction that he was marked by the gods or in some way chosen for greatness
Did he have a Divine mission was he even Divine himself his line traced their ancestry back to Hercules a demig god and the son of Zeus perhaps Alexander already believed the connection secret rulers might be more direct the Egyptians had proclaimed him to be a son
Of the Gods and the greatest of the Egyptian gods Amar was considered to be simply another name for Zeus over the next two months Alexander spent a great deal of money refer Egyptian temples and doing honor to their Divine patrons he also studied Egyptian customs and tradition at the start of BC Alexander
Left Memphis and traveled back North to the coast where he founded Alexandria strategically placing it to become a great trading center he then traveled East along the coast of what the Ancients called Libya receiving tributes before turning South and accompanied only by a small escort and some guides
Striking deep into the Hostile desert its Target was the Oasis of sewa home of the Oracle of the god Ammon the Libyan form of Amar the journey was difficult and dangerous two centuries earlier the Persian king cises had sent an army to conquer sewa but had vanished into the
Desert and was never heard of again no Pharaoh had ever been Alexander’s companions tried to persuade him not to risk the journey but he would not listen he was a great fan of oracles and had absolute faith in their utterances after his visit to seat for instance he would
Continue to consult the Oracle for the rest of his life sending questions back over vast distances from his camps in the heart of Asia as they struggled through the desert Alexander’s party were sailed by near disaster on more than one occasion first they ran out of water but were saved by a sudden
Rainstorm then they became lost in a massive Sandstorm but were apparently LED out of trouble by a pair of ravens was Alexander’s Divinity asserting itself finally exhausted and baged the party reached the Oasis at sewa Alexander did not wait to or recuperate but immediately made his way to the
Temple of Amon the Amion home of the Oracle here the high priest greeted him with the Greek words o pioo Son of God secret history exactly what the young conqueror wished to hear although the gra Roman historian Plutarch later suggested that the priest had actually mispronounced the phrase o pan o my son
Alexander was then accorded the rare honor of being invited into the addan the inner San more holy of holies to question the Oracle exactly what was asked and how it was answered will never be known on reemerging into the temple for court Alexander would only tell his companions that he had received the
Answer he sought and that he would only tell the secret prophecies to his mother and only fa to face on his return to Macedon however it is generally assumed that Alexander asked about his paternity specifically whether or not he was of divine paternity according to various ancient historians Alexander first asked
Whether any of the Assassins who had murdered his father Philip were still alive supposedly he was told to rephrase his question because in fact his father was not mortal he then asked a more direct question and was told that yes he was the son of Ammon which to Alexander
Would have meant Zeus let us assume that this is what really happened possibly Alexander was simply being told what he expected to hear by Cy priests who wish to ensure the good willll of a powerful Patron if so it worked Alexander made magnificent offer rings to the Oracle
Possibly it was a genuine Revelation to him to learn that he was the son of a god a semi Divine Being Fit for some awesome Destiny whatever he heard within the Shady incense heavy inter sanctum of the Ancient Temple hidden deep within the desert it had a profound effect on
Alexander over the next eight years he was to drive his army across the Empire of Persia and deep into Uncharted Territory conquering Nations to the borders of China and into India Crossing huge mountain ranges and impassible deserts overcoming All Odds to become the richest man in the world and the
Greatest conqueror in history secret rulers only the Mutiny of his army in the Far Eastern L prevented him from going ever further it is hard not to see these as the actions of one who believes he is something more than a man certainly in coins that were later meant
At bearing his liken he wears the horns of zamon the mark of the god while in his own lifetime he proclaimed his own Divinity and ordered that he be worshiped as a God the conquests of Alexander created a vast helenic Empire which although it broke up into smaller kingdoms shortly after his death
Profoundly influenced the history and culture of the near and Middle East for centuries to come was all this driven by the secret Revelation vouch safed in that mysterious Temple Alexander’s attraction to the amanian transcended death for he asked to be buried there his body was brought back to Egypt but
His tomb has never been found most Scholars expect to find it in Alexandria but some believe that they have located it already near sewa the Desert Sands hide many Libya first lady of Rome 58 BC 29 CE perhaps the most significant chapter in Roman history is the establishment of
The empire under Augustus whose Long reign as absolute ruler transformed Rome and set the course for the next thousand years of European history standing by Augustus side and according to many behind his throne was his wife liia jerusa the most powerful woman in Roman history Libya shared and guided the
Careers of two Emperors steering the ship of Rome in secret for more than years she is also accused of plotting and even carrying out the murder of no less than 10 members of her own family in her ruthless drive to secure the succession for her son Libya’s political
Career started when she married Octavian later to become Augustus in BC the fact that she was heavily pregnant with her Second Son by her current husband secret history while octavian’s wife was also pregnant caused no small measure of Scandal at the time this is particularly ironic given that the defining features
Of liya’s public Persona in the long years to come would be her traditional Virtues Of rectitude and matronly modesty the long enduring success of liya and octavian’s partnership suggests that they married for love but some experts argue that it was a political match from the start liya and her
Existing family had supported the wrong side in The Civil Wars of the preceding years and were thus in danger from Octavian while Octavian needed the support that the aristocratic family of liia could bring as Octavian Rose to absolute power becoming Augustus in BC he and liia worked to create a public
Person as a couple and in particular to Foster Her Image as an archetype of traditional female values she was associated with the spirits of motherhood marriage and femininity and was always portrayed with a traditional hairstyle little jewelry and conservative attire wearing the still a matronly gown Augustus would boast that
She Weep the cloth for their own clothes they lived together in the same modest townhouse throughout his reain a period during which they were one of the most powerful couples in history it seems likely that liia played as much of a role as Augustus in orchestrating all
This together they also ensured that she was awarded unusual official power for a Roman woman her person was made sacros sank given the official protection of the state and she was given personal control of her own finances eventually becoming fabulously wealthy she was awarded honors and was allowed to
Commission and dedicate public buildings the first woman to do so she received embassies and clients which meant that she was officially involved in the administration of the Empire Augustus was referred to as prps ruler in respect for his authority Aid referred to liya as prp’s feminite above all she was
Augustus counselor and trusted Ally when he traveled abroad he would leave his secret rulers personal seal in her hands in his absence she was ruler of Rome her shrew guidance and careful diplomacy helped Augustus to overcome centuries of entrenched traditions and clicks Forge a new ruling system and extend Roman Emy
Over a still greater area but there was also a darker side to her reputation with later Roman historians such as suetonius and plutar suggesting dark plots and conspiracies it is this image that was popularist in Robert Graves epic eye Claudia subsequently a popular television many series in which liia is
Portrayed as an arch schemer who coldly disposes of anyone who stands in the way of her plans to make Tiberius her first son Emperor after Augustus Augustus was much concerned with the succession which was a thorny problem because he and liia never had any children together he favored the children of his daughter
Julia from his first marriage and their offspring adopting a succession of them as his ears but they had a habit of dying while there is no proof that liia was responsible she made no secret of her prominent role in securing the crown for Tiberius constantly reminding him that she was responsible for his
Accession to the throne she probably had a network of agents and many men owed their careers to her patronage men who would later prove to be quite capable of conspiracy and murder in the turbulent history of late St Century Rome her grandson Kula later to win infamy as the
Mad Emperor allegedly called her elixis status ulyses in address after the legendary Greek famous for his schemes and plots in Augustus Twilight years liya constantly pushed him to acknowledge tyberius as his Heir his more favored candidate pumis his grandson had been exiled to a tiny Island after charges of rape which may
Have been orchestrated by liya in Graves eye Claudius liia tricks a Vestal Virgin into showing her a copy of Augustus revised will realizes that he intends to postumus and reinstate him as air and poisons her own secret history husband before he can publicize his intentions the will is suppressed and postumus and
Anyone in the no are then murdered Tiberius becomes Emperor whether this Lord tale is anything more than far-fetched fantasy will never be known but after the accession of Tiberius he and his mother ruled as virtual co-emperors he tried never to cross her and made the Senate award her Han hours
For instance it was made treason to speak against her when her grandson germanicus a former favorite of Augustus and rival claimant to the Imperial Throne started to gain popularity both mother and son became alarmed germanicus promptly met a mysterious and untimely death although there was no proved that
Liya or tiberias were responsible they were openly delighted eventually liya’s hand on his shoulder became burdensome for tiberious and he moved to cery never to return to Rome he also had her stripped of many of her Privileges and when she eventually died in CE at the
Age of heido the Han hours voted to her and refused to attend her funeral it wasn’t until the accession of her grandson claudus to the throne that she was deified as she and Augustus had intended despite the later damage done to her reputation by Roman historians uneasy with her unusual combination of
Power and virtue liia was popular and respected during and after her lifetime she had played a vital role in creating and consolidating the Roman Empire an entity that was to last for centuries what was all the more remarkable was that because of the limitations placed on her by a chauvinistic Society she had
To do it from behind the scenes the pornocracy c900 964 C for centuries to come liia would be the role model for Roman women seeking to wield the power that has Shen his Society denied them some years after her era a new secret rulers generation of prps femina would
Arise in Rome Theodora and marosia theatis but these women would prove to be the antithesis of liia epitome of virtue Theodora and her daughter mosia were members of the theila family a powerful Roman Clan most historians describe them as prostitutes though whether this simply reflects misogyny towards powerful women is not clear they
And their descendants fought for contr Ro of the papacy for much of the th Century a period sometimes referred to as a pornocracy because of the shocking immorality of papal life through a vicious tangle of intrigue betrayal and murder they exerted their influence over local and European politics from behind
The scenes ruling through puppet popes and the princes and kings they seduced by the beginning of the th Century theatis count of Tusculum had become de facto ruler of Rome largely due to the beauty and cunning of his wife Theodora between them the theils controlled the papacy and with their backing serg as
Three gained office in D he seduced or was seduced by theodor’s daughter marosia a young girl of just According to some sources she became his mistress and bore him a son who she was determined to place on the pap Throne when he came of age marriage alliances with powerful nobl men Consolidated her
Influence and Power in Rome and during the reign of John X who WOTE his election to the influence of Theodora she was effectively ruler of Rome he acknowledged her power by granting her the title C trics and Patricia in johon made the mistake of allying himself with
Hugh of France an enemy of marosia she had him arrested blinded and thrown into a dungeon beneath the Cal St Angelo it was still too early to place her son on the papal Throne however soia installed a couple of caretaker popes Leo 6 who died after within a year and then Steven
A concerned that John X might still present a threat marosia secret history had him suffocated when Steven died in marosia Son by sergius 3 was duly installed as Pope John the 11th her control of Rome was Supreme moshia continued to jockey for power through advantageous marriages but made some
Fatal errors first she tried to set up her daughter Bertha with one of the sons of Romanus the Eastern Emperor and then she got her son to officiate at her own wedding to hu Province at that time king of Italy both moves displease the people of Rome especially her son from her
First marriage Alber 2 of SPO the Eastern Empire was Rome’s rival while he was the half brother of her deceased second husband a match with her own brother-in-law was considered incestuous and thus frowned upon Alber probably resented the threats to his own Ambitions to control r while there was
Bad blood between him and you in supported by a way of a popular Roman sentiment Alber stormed maros Palace and took her and poed John the 11th captive assuming the title Prince and senator of the Romans now Alber was in charge his half brother John lived on as a puppet
Pope under house arrest in the latter until wosia is thought to have died the following year Alber then placed a series of puppet popes on the throne happily deposing and murdering them if they displeased him as he did with Steven A Al’s son Octavian Maria’s grandson succeeded him as Prince of
Roman and Al’s lingering influence ensured that he was elected Pope as John the 12th he was the first pope to change his name on exceeding to office in John the 12th won notoriety is the most immoral pope of all time taking numerous Mistresses raping female pilgrims and turning the Vatican into a brothel
According to contemporary prodigers he was even accused of stealing money from collection boxes to finance his excesses like his ancestors Jon also sought to bolster his own authority by playing off his local Rivals against powerful secret rulers Outsiders threatened by the intrigues of bangar 2 of Northern Italy
He called Ino the great of Germany in return for his protection JN bestowed the crown of Holy Roman Emperor onto he soon realized however that otk knew Authority threatened his own and promptly started to Intrigue against him with the very bangar he had previously feed this was to lead to the eventual
Downfall of the House of theat and the end of the pornocracy as Otto marched into Rome and opposed him he died shortly afterwards according to One Source while making love to a married woman one of the most notorious episodes in the history of the papacy was over
But the influence of this catalog of duplicity and immorality was twofold firstly JN had inadvertently reinvigorated the role of Holy Roman Emperor helping to start a line that was to last four years secondly the pornocracy had seriously undermined the moral authority of the Pope and set unfortunate precedents for papal
Behavior many of the popes that succeeded John over the next few centuries would be lascivious hedonists and as a result alternative Creeds decried by the papacy as heresies gathered followers among the most important of these would be the BOGO Mills of the Balan region and the cathars of Southern France popes such as
Alexander 3 and innocent the third would sanction terrible programs of extermination against these and other heresies culminating in the formal institution of the dreaded Inquisition by Pope Gregory nin going incognito undercover rulers 800 1697 while hidden Powers sometimes rule in secret acknowledged rulers sometimes choose to hide their power and go under cover
Known instances of this are rare but there are two from wiely different cultures that stand out haran Al Rashid CCE was the greatest of the abive cffs he ruled an Islamic empire that stretched secret history from from Persia to Egypt and from Yemen to the Black Sea and the fabulous Splendor of
His court and of his Capital Baghdad is immortalized in the book of the Thousand And1 nights in which he features frequently Haron whose title translates into the rather less romantic sounding Aon the upright became caleff at the young age but was sh enough to appoint good ministers one of the most notable
Features of his enlightened Reign was the effort he made to improve the quality of life in Bagdad numerous hospitals amounting to a sort of medieval Health System were set up as were temples schools and a postal system security was improved with a kind of Municipal Police Force legal reforms
Were instituted to ensure just treatment for all citizens although slavery was also a major feature of Life nevertheless haran’s life of Y and Splendor in his fabulous Palace was still very far removed from the difficult daily lot of his subjects perhaps he realized this because his concern for their welfare drove him to
Take the unusual step of going among them at night he would disguise himself slip out of the palace and wander the streets and bizar listening to conversations and talking to Ordinary People in this way he could discover grievances find out what was unpopular and learn whether his administration was
Dealing justly with the Common People how much impact arounds Incognito Adventures had is impossible to say but he was a very successful ruler in international terms his influence was fell from China to Europe where he made alliance with Charlamagne against their common foe the byzantines more relevantly in domestic terms harun’s
Rule encouraged to cure and tolerant culture in which Arts learning science and the trade and Industry that made Baghdad and his court so fabulously wealthy could flourish some years later another ruler would go undercover to try to improve the lot of his people Peter I was thear who made Russia a great power
And a military force to be secret rulers reckoned with starting a long painful process of Western easing and modern eing the country he was successful enough to be called the great one of the key episodes of his Reign was the Grand Embassy of during which the traveled
Incognito as a youth growing up in Russia Peter had spent much time in and around The Enclave where the European Traders and workers were based here he had learned much about the advanced Science and Technology of the West especially his favorite topic ship building and had grown accustomed to the
Informality of life among the Europeans this was in stark contrast to the regimented life he was expected to lead Hisar in Peter retained full control of the country and immediately started a limited program of ship building he also launched campaigns against the ottoman Turks to the south in an attempt to
Secure access to the Sea for his then landlocked country after early reverses Peter’s drive and Ingenuity went through but the Russian military was weak and oldfashioned and eventually these gains had to be surrendered his experiences against the Turks probably helped to convince Peter that Russia desperately needed Western Technology Innovation and
Support if she was to become a significant power and Peter organized a delegation of Russian officials and some of their European advisers to tour a number of European countries it was to be known as the grand Embassy led by one of Peter’s best friends Admiral Fran Le
A Swiss the group would travel to the west to try and win support for a grant alliance against the Turks and also to see for themselves firsthand some of the latest European science Technologies and Industry such a delegation was not unheard of but unusually Peter decided to join the embassy himself even more
Unusually he would travel incognito under the name Sergeant Peter mov to address him by his true name or title was punishable by death secret history in practice it was hard for Peter to travel incognito partly because he was 6’7 in tall probably everyone and the embassy knew who he was and he often
Attracted large crowds as he and his companions traveled undaunted Peter arranged for members of the delegation including himself to get work at some of the shipr Yards they visited Peter worked for four months as a ships Carpenter at the Dutch East India company’s yard in sardam in the
Netherlands and later at the Royal Navy dockyard in defford when the embassy visited England he and other delegates visited factories and observatories the Royal Mint and the Royal Society Peter inspected ships and troops visited Parliament and met with Quakers for informal religious discussions it was this informality that marked his visit
And helped him to engage with people from a variety of backgrounds although in political terms the embassy was a failure European countries were more concerned with with matters closer to home and had no interest in alliance against the Turks Peter skill had learning from his surroundings meant
That it was a cultural Technical and economic success many Europeans were engaged to come back to Russia to work and to train other Russians their impact helped Peter M these Russia’s outdated military institutions create a formidable Navy from scratch and bring Russia onto the world stage for the
First time he may have failed in his bid to remain Incognito but his undercover policy helped begin the transformation of Russia Cardinal Ru 1 1585 1,642 the name of cardal richel U prime minister of France under leis the 13th has become synonymous with the figure the power behind the throne thanks
Mainly to Alexander lost the Three Musketeers and its subsequent film adaptations the image of cardinal ritual you held by most people today is a secret rulers cynical corrupt old man hungry for power for its own sake perhaps his most famous quote is if you give me six lines written by the most
Honest man I will find something in them to hang him but what is the truth about this enigmatic figure he was born Arman dupus the third son of the lord of rishu the ancestral estate originally he intended to pursue a career in the military but when his older brother
Resigned the family Bishop Republican Arman changed his professional Direction he studied Theology and was made Bishop at just do here his career should have stopped the RAS were a minor Noble family and look at a minor provincial dases yet he rose to become the effective ruler of France and one of the
Most important Statesmen in French history Rich was both ambitious and talented he worked hard to make a success of the Lan dases and spoke well in the states General the French equivalent of parliament to his growing reputation as a capable administrator he Allied political Savvy becoming known as
A Devo ston Catholic with Pro Spanish views handly this was also the faction of the French Regent Marie deichi who ruled France in the minority of her son LS I 13th rishel came to court in and soon caught the eye of Marie’s favorite K Sinai who recognized his talents and
Had him appointed Secretary of State for war and Foreign Affairs his star was Rising but and it seemed likely to be extinguished K was assassinated by Rivals jealous of his power and that of the Regency and Rich was forced to follow Marie into Exile in the country
For years he languished in the political Wilderness but after Marie escaped from her imprisonment he was instrumental in negotiating a Reconciliation between Lewis and his mother andan was rewarded by being made a cardinal at this time Lewis was seeking a new chief minister and with M’s recommendation he chose
Richel U making him prime minister in August secret history once in a position of power richel U spent the rest of his career relentlessly pursuing his philosophy of proper governance the power of the king who embodied France was all important and all other considerations were secondary to the
Welfare of the state R was a firm believer that the end Justified the means he insisted that harshness towards individuals who flat the laws and commands of the state is for the public good no greater crime against the public interest is possible than to show leniency to those who violate it this
Philosophy essentially made him a nationalist since he vigorously opposed anything that detracted from the interests of France and the crown it also made him numerous enemies at every level from the aristocrats to the peasantry to enforce this ruthless pragmatism R Used means fair and foul he defeated the strong French Protestant
Faction the hugenots and reduced their stronghold at lell he tore down the castles and fortresses of regional princes and Nobles to weaken their ability to oppose the crown he changed his foreign policy to the opposite of his previous devot stance making alliances with Protestant nations against Catholic Spain and Austria for
This he earned the enmity of the Queen Mother domestically he replaced the corrupt system of government Administration with intent an agents of the crown he also instituted an extensive network of spies and informers thanks to these spies he was able to defeat the constant stream of conspiracies aimed at him by disgruntled
Aristocrats including Mar Medi he had several Rivals executed in general the King was happy to let rally rule the country instead but in later life the Cardinal grew worried that he might lose influence and attempted to bolster his position by introducing an attractive young man to the court as R hoped Henry
K feus Marquee to S Mars became lover and favorite expecting to be able to control s Mars as his puppet Rich was dismayed to find that secret rulers the Marquee was actually trying to turn Lewis against him urging the king to have him executed richel was not to be
Beaten at his own game however and it was St Mars who lost his head Runk influence on the king held up from beyond the grave as he felt the icy Hand of Death approaching he picked Cardinal masarin as his successor and Louis acquas when Lewis died in just six
Months after richel U had passed away Israel stipulated that the Regents who watched over his infant son must follow richel ‘s disposition for the governance of France and masarin governed as prime minister for many years continuing his predecessors policies rishel you had ruled France from behind the throne for
Years and as he neared death was able to write to his King I have the consolation of leaving your kingdom in the highest degree of glory and of reputation although he was a schemer and a plotter he was not motivated by the pursuit of power for its own sake only for the sake
Of France I have never had any enemies other than those of the state secret projects we tend to think of secret projects as something futuristic with a tinge of Science Fiction but men have long counted on scientific and technological breakthroughs to give them the edge they
Needed in this chapter we look at some of the greatest undercover projects that have made the biggest impact on history from ancient Greek super weapons to the covered operation that touched off the space race these projects show that a combination of Ingenuity diligent research and secrecy has often been the
Deciding factor in a conflict or The Guiding factor in historical development oddly enough the science and Discovery element of an important secret project often takes a backseat to the clandestine element this is because the true value of undercover research is surprise once a weapon has been used or
A discovery divulged the value of surprise is lost and as often as not the other side catches up as for instance the Manhattan Project demonstrates also secret projects do not exist in isolation research discoveries and inventions can only flourish if given the proper context of support for
Instance the Nazis developed a number of advanced weapons during the closing stages of world secret projects War I but despite Hitler’s conviction that these would win the war for Germany lack of training fuel materials Manpower and crucially time meant that their impact was extremely limited as the investigation of Operation Paperclip
Shows one of the most important results of the Nazi super weapon program was to kick start Western development of advanced military technology hardly the outcome that Hitler intended lastly care needs to be taken at the very secrecy surrounding a covered project does not become its undoing the story of the
Archetypal secret weapon the Greek Fire of the byzantines illustrates this danger only too well while in the case of the ultimate secret project the Manhattan Project concealment helped to transform a tool of piece into an instrument of repression Archimedes and the defense of Syracuse 212 BC ancient sources record a variety of secret
Weapons used to achieve victory in battle the Israelites under Joshua used a god powered Sonic weapon created by blowing their horns all at once to shatter the walls of Jericho great homeric warriors benefited from such Divine weapons as the spear and egis impenetrable shield of Athena or the
Winged sandals of Hermes which helped Perseus to defeat the sea monster but these weapons owed their special powers to the gods one of the first recorded uses of human Ingenuity to create super weapons was the siege of Syracuse in BC where one man’s genius turned the tide
Of battle after the first Punic War the Greek colony of Syracuse in ccy formerly aligned with the carthaginians made alliance with the Romans but during the Second Punic War the successes of Hannibal on the Italian Peninsula LED it to change sides once more and a Roman army under Marcus claudus marcelis was
Sent to retake the city and punish the turn coats Marcel first stop was the town of leontini which he secret history sacked with horrible brutality the citizens of Syracuse now knew what fate awaited them if they failed to resist the Roman attack in BC marcelus moved against Syracuse itself he could
Marshall massive war galy ships known as Quin Kim equipped with banks of wars and filled according to polyus the historian writing closest to the date of the battle with archers Slingers and Ja BL throwers some of the GES were wed together to form stable platforms upon which were raised Siege engines known as
Soka these were towers that could be brought up against the city walls to discour units of Marines meanwhile marcelis co-commander a Pious claudious pure LED an Army against the landward walls of the city the syracusan were massively outnumbered and marcelus assumed that the city would soon fall to
The might of the Roman army but in the words of polyus in some cases The Genius of one man is far more effective than superiority in numbers that one man was arites the near legendary Greek mathematician and engineer generally regarded as the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the three
Greatest of all time Archimedes was more interested in the pure Delights of mathematics than the grubby realities of engineering despite having invented such marbles as the planetarium water organ and according to Legend the water screw that still Bears his name but he was devoted to the king of Syracuse H2 and
Accordingly had set to work to surreptitiously strengthen the fortifications of the city and equip it with the most fearsome defensive Arsenal ever seen the attacking Romans were about to run into a battery of secret weapons the like of which they had never experienced the first weapons encountered by the advancing Romans were
A series of fearsome catapults probably actually mangonels where the arm that tosses the projectile is powered by a dropping counterweight which hled huge Boulders and Lead secret projects weights arites had designed long medium and short-range catapults together with scorpions catapults that discharged iron darts all were cunningly concealed
Behind the city walls no matter how close the Romans pressed to the walls The Defenders were able to fire at them and to the terrified troops it appeared as if the stones were raining down from nowhere when the Roman GES got too near for even the short-range catapults the
Cusin deployed aram’s next Innovation extendable arms with weights on the end which could be pushed forward through specially designed embur in the walls until they projected directly over the enemy ships whereupon the weights would be released to smash down onto the GES and their Siege engines most fearsome of
All was a war machine known as aredes claw this was a sort of grappling iron sometimes described as an iron hand on the end of a chain attached to a giant lever the iron hand was tossed onto the prow of the enemy boat seizing it fast
The lever was then depressed so that the prow of the boat was elevated standing the vessel on its Stern when the lever was released the boat would crash back down healing over capsizing or simply sinking spilling the crew and Marines into the sea similar devices were employed against the Roman soldiers
Advancing by land of claw engine seized handfuls of troops and flung them about these impressive and ingenious military innovations were recorded by a number of Greek and Roman historians including polyus who lived shortly after the Second Punic War and might have had access to survivors later sources record the most startling and futuristic
Sounding of AR’s weapons the burning mirror the exact form given depends on the sources according to the th Century byzantin historian John setus supposedly paraphrasing the Roman historian diaches C it was a hexagonal mirror probably a polished bronze surrounded by smaller Square mirrors the whole assemblage fixed to an Armature the mirrors
Gathered secret history the Rays of the Sun and concentrated them into a laser like beam which ignited the Roman gys from a distance reducing them to ashes today our commit burning mirror is generally considered to be a myth but early European scientists had mixed feelings about the Tale in the th
Century Franciscan monk Roger Bacon warned Pope Clement the that the Muslims will use these mirrors to burn up cities camps and weapons in their conflict with the Crusaders although he was apparently slung in jail for even suggesting such a heretical notion in the th Century deart dismissed the story as fantasy but in
George Le lir K to Buffon claimed to have ignited a pine plank from feet meters using an array of mirrors more recently in Greek scientist Dr Yan sakas claimed to have used mirrors held up by Sailors to ignite a wooden ship from feet meters while in a German experiment
Using people with mirrors supposedly had similar success even if the technology is feasible this does not mean the story of ared burning mirror is true but perhaps it should not be dismissed out of hand with or without the burning mirror The Genius of aredes was too much
For marcelus and the Roman army in the words of Pius the Romans had every hope of capturing the city immediately if only one old man out of all the syracus could have been removed but so long as he was present they did not D even to attempt an attack beaten back with heavy
Losses the Romans were forced to abandon their assault instead they opted to starve the city into submission and launched an 8-month Siege finally in BC marcelus was able to take advantage of a Greek festival in the city to sneak past the defenses and breach the Inland walls thus the immediate consequences of ared
Genius may have been slight merely delaying the fall of Syracuse for a year but his legacy to science has been considerable even that secret projects of his perhaps mythical burning mirror which helped to inspire the research into parabolic dishes that has led to radio telescopes and satellite TV
Antenna whether fact or fiction it has also left a more direct Legacy as the forbear of the directed energy weapons of the Star Wars missile defense program arites himself had little regard for the concrete but transitory products of his fertile genius he preferred the realm of mathematics where truth is eternal
Accounts of his death relate that as the Romans poured into Syracuse and sacked the city a soldier broke into our committee’s house and ordered him to report to marcelus but that he was too preoccupied with a mathematical problem and refused to come until it was completed whereupon the soldier ran him
Through the Lost secret of Byzantium Greek Fire 675 950c the archetypal secret weapon also remains one of the most mysterious Greek fire was a npom like incendiary substance used by the byzantines in the defense of their ancient but crumbling Empire its technology was a closely guarded Enigma known only to the
Imperial family and Associates and remains a mystery to this day in its own time it was sparingly used and the obsess of secrecy that surrounded It ultimately led to its loss nonetheless it is one of the best examples of a secret that changed the course of history in CE the byzantin empire was
The so remnant of the glory that was Rome and last buw workk of European civilization after three centuries of buying with FES from east and west it faced a new threat the deadliest yet the Arabs fired with Zeal for their new religion Islam had overr on the Persian
Empire and now assaded the Great Walls of Constantinople itself threatening to utterly extinguished the Eastern Empire Byzantium was outnumbered by land and by sea and although the mighty defenses of the capital could not be secret history reached by the military technology of the time the city could be stared into
Submission if the Arab Fleet could rest control of the seas in the amazing success of the Arab expansion however lay the seeds of their defeat when their armies overran Christian Syria refugees flocked to the safety of Constantinople among them was a Syrian Greek called kenos who brought with him the recipe
For a weapon that would become known as Greek fire in reference to his ethnicity although it is also variously known as Liquid Fire Sea Fire or Persian fire the last of these is a possible reference to its true origin for some s ources claimed that kenos had previously been
In the employ of the Muslim military incendiary weapons based on petroleum products such as pitch or Napa were part of the Arab Arsenal in fact they were probably known in one form or another to the Romans and Persians before them what distinguished the new Greek fire was its Advanced composition and crucially the
Delivery technology the apparatus that was used to spray the Flaming liquid kenos is said to have been paid a fortune for the new technology which thereafter remained a closely guarded m dot even today it is only possible to speculate on the composition of Greek fire but it is generally thought to have
Included sulfur quick lime liquid petroleum and perhaps even magnesium a constituent of modern incendiary weapons magnesium is a highly reactive metal will even burn underwater one of the characteristics attributed to Greek Fire which helped to make it such a fearsome weapon to spray this liquid death the byzantines invented an inous siphon
Device the Greek Fire would be heated in a cauldron and then pumped through a system of pipes that heated and press Ser the mixture further before spraying it out of a nozzle with an attached lamp for igniting the fluid Greek Fire thus involved a whole set of Technologies and
The related engineering and chemical skills to make them work this secret projects complexity helped to keep the technology a secret since only a few top officials would have all the pieces of the puzzle the effects of Greek Fire were devastating to the enemies of Byzantium the byzantin Navy used special
War gies known as drons which had wide flat decks upon which could could be mounted structures such as towers and castles as well as the Greek Fire siphons these would spew their contents onto the decks of the enemy ships where the crew and Marines were very exposed
And the Wooden Ships would burn easily and the Arabs would experience this firstand the deployment of Greek Fire dramatically turned the tide of battle where a few years earlier the Arabs had destroyed hundreds of byzantin ships now it was their Navy that was shattered with the loss of thousands of men The
Siege was broken and the Arabs were forced to sue for peace when they attacked again in Greek Fire once again played a pivotal role in the defense of the city and the Arabs were again beaten back with severe losses the importance of Greek fire was obvious to the
Byzantin as was the need to guard its Mysteries it was used as little as possible to help prevent the siphon apparatus falling into enemy hands while prohibitions and legends grew up around its mysterious recipe writing to his son emperor Constantine 7 por rajin stressed that the secret must not be revealed
Even to elies and explained the ingredients were disclosed by an Angel to the first great Christian emperor Constantine and that great emperor wishing to secure the secret for his successors ordained that they should curse in writing and on the holy altar of the Church of God any who should dare
To give this fire to another nation that he should not be counted amongst the Christians neither should he hold any rank or honor and if he happens to have one already let him be deposed and pared like a common criminal throughout secret history the centuries whether he be an
Emperor a R Arch or any other Lord or subject whosoever should attempt to disobey this order over the next three centuries the byzantin Empire contended with enemies in all directions sometimes it expanded reconing territories possessed during the days of Rome often however it was on the back foot and in
Defense of the Empire Greek fire was invaluable the difficulties of using it and reluctance to expose the secret to capture limited its offensive role but by the secret had somehow been lost incendiary weapons were still used and still referred to as Greek fire but the package of technology that made Greek
Fire so formidable was no longer available it seems likely that the mystery surrounding the weapon was its own undoing the deadly politics of Byzantium meant that power was contested through an endless series of coup intrigues and assassinations it is easy to see how the chain of transmission of
The knowledge was broken the Empire struggled on for another 5 centuries but grew steadily smaller as other powers encroached finally in the ottoman Turks were able to breach the defenses of Constantinople using gunpowder a technology that would in any case have superseded Greek fire but Greek Fire had
Already made its impact on History by checking the hither to Unstoppable spread of Muslim armies and holding back the forces of Islam in the Eastern Mediterranean for hundreds of years the successful byzantin resistance gave the rest of Europe a centuries long breathing space in this time European nations grew strong while European
Military technology and tactics advanced to the extent that they could hold their own the success of the Muslim Advance across North Africa and Spain and into southern France showed the extent of their reach if they had over on the byzantin empire in the th century and flooded into the dianis lands of Eastern
Europe how far might secret projects they have penetrated the shape of Europe and the direction of world history might have turned out very differently without the secret of Greek Fire Captain Cook secret search for the southern continent 1,768 1,771 on August James Cook then only a lieutenant set sale from Plymouth in the
Bark Endeavor on a mission that today is often compared to a voyage to outer space together with a small team of scientists and a crew of less than 100 men cook would sail to the far side of the world and into the midst of a vast ocean of unknown limits and uncertain
Geography ostensibly his mission was to visit Tahiti where his passengers would undertake astronomical observations of the transit of Venus across the Sun but cook had also been issued secret instructions by his Masters At The Admiral the instructions for a covered mission that would change the shape of
The world and determine the course of history in the Pacific by the mid century a number of European explorers had visited the Pacific and the Seas of the Southern Ocean with one object uppermost in their minds learned opinion agreed that there must exist to the South A great land mass a huge continent
That would counterbalance the northern continents it was assumed that this ter Australia’s Incognito or unknown southern land must be as rich in potential for exploitation and colonization as the Americans had proved to be furthermore it might be uninhabited or inhabited only by the sorts of natives who had been so easily
Brushed aside in the new world whichever necessarily European nation could claim this territory first could reap great benefits and steal a march on its Rivals there would be Untold advantages for science mineral and agricultural wealth and trade thus when a chance arose to dispatch a mission to discover chart
Explore and if possible claim this mystery land the secret history British admiralty seized upon it that chance was offered by a scientific Expedition planned by the Royal Society earlier in the th Century the astronomer Edmund H had predicted that Venus would Transit across the face of the Sun and and then
Again in not observing and measur the transit from two widely spaced points on the Earth’s surface would allow astronomers to calculate the distance from the Earth to the sun gaining one of the first elements of empirical evidence as to the size of the universe an expedition to observe the transit from
St Helena and had failed when low Cloud obscured the sun now the Royal Society planned another Bolder expedition to The Far Side of the World observations garnered there could be compared to measurements taken at grch and used to calculate the Earth Sun distance previous such Expeditions under the
Control of scientists had not gone well one led by Hal himself decades earlier had nearly ended in Mutiny the Admiral insisted that this time the Expedition be led by a Navy man cook having proved his credentials in surface of North America’s Eastern Seaboard was selected the Royal Society about news of the
Voyage which was to be bankrolled by the king a keen astronomer the cover story was in place its credibility boosted by its veracity on July cook was given his commission and issued with orders to go to Tahiti within the orders was a sealed packet of secret instructions these made
Very clear the nature of his true Mission whereas there is reason to imagine that a continent or land of great extent may be found to the South you are to proceed to the Southward in order to make discovery of the continent above mentioned you are to employ yourself diligently in exploring as
Great an extent of the coast as you can to observe the nature of the soil and the products thereof the beasts and fowls that inhabit or secret projects frequented the fishes that are to be found in in the rivers or upon the coast and in what plenty and in case you find
Any mines minerals or valuable stones you are to bring home specimens of each as also such specimens of the seeds of the trees fruits and Grains as you may be able to collect you are likewise to observe the genius temper disposition and number of the natives you are also
With the consent of the natives to take possession of convenient situations in the country in the Name of the King of Great Britain or if you find the country uninhabited take possession for his majesty by setting up proper marks and inscriptions as first discoverers and possessors if he could not find the
Fable ter austral cook was to explore instead LS already discovered by Europeans such as New Zealand and New Holland as what little of Australia had then been cited was known The Voyage of the Endeavor fulfilled most of its instigators dreams except of course the discovery of the Great Southern
Continent cook came within a few hundred miles of discovering Antarctica but the counterweight continent is envisaged by Europeans did not exist instead the Dy Navigator charted the coastlines of New Zealand and Eastern Australia claiming the ladder for crown and Country despite the obvious signs of habitation the Endeavor also visited and charted
Numerous specific islands and gathered a huge wealth of biological and geological specimens and data not to mention successfully observing the transit the longer term consequences of cook secret mission were profound Australia and New Zealand became British colonies and were extensively settled by Europeans to the detriment of their indigenous inhabitants today they successful
Prosperous democracies the other lands touched by cook were also altered for better and worse ending their isolation and incorporating them into the wider World disease war secret history trade and colonization killed many Natives and transformed their cultures and societies Bernard Smith professor of history at Melbourne University describes cook as
Unquestionably one of the great formative agents in the creation of the modern world his ships you might say began the process of making the world a global village his was a secret mission that genuinely changed the world radar the technology that won the war 1940 radar radio Direction and range finding
Was one of the key advances that made World War II a conflict of Technology and science as much as men and bullets it has been variously described as the weapon that won World War II and the invention that changed the world during the S the Germans and the British were
Engaged in a race to develop radar and it was British superiority at the start of the war that helped to win the Battle of Britain key to the superiority was a clandestine mission to America undertaken by Britain’s top scientists to exchange technological secrets with the Americans and secure American help
In getting an edge on the Germans the idea of using radio wave Echoes reflected off distant objects as a means of detecting them the basis of radar had been suggested long before the s in particular after the Titanic disaster of there was widespread interest in potential Collision ofoen techniques and
German engineer Christian Hu suggested using radio Echoes for this purpose in the British physicist Edward Appleton successfully used radar reflection to measure the height of the ionosphere both British and American scientists had been made further aware of the potential of radio waves by the disruption to radio signals caused by passing aircraft
And ships but it wasn’t until Britain started to gear up for a potential war that attention was focused on the need to develop some sort of early warning system for Airborne attacks secret projects an early candidate for such a system used giant concrete acoustic mirrors to try to pick up the noise of
Approaching aircraft but when a demonstration of the system was ruined by a passing milk cart the air Ministry realized that something new was desperately needed a committee under Henry dard was set up to examine the problem and in late this inter commissioned Robert Watson what of the
Radio research station to look at how radio waves might be used he and his assistant AF Wilkins came up with the idea of firing out pulses of radio waves and detecting The Echoes that bounced off approaching aircraft what and what patented the idea in and by there was a
Chain of radar stations along the south and east coasts forming the chain home CH early warning system the CH system together with other radar Technologies dammed up by the scientists such as friend Oro identification technology was to prove its worth during the Battle of Britain in do masses of German planes
Stretched the meager resources of the RF to breaking point but thanks to radar the few planes available could be used to maximum effect but the truth was that German radar was at least as good as if not not better than British British radar was limited by the wavelength that
British transmitters and receivers could use and the power they could manage overly long radio waves limited the resolution of radar while low power meant that the range and accuracy suffered the key to better radar was the ability to generate and detect microwaves radio waves with very small wavelengths in physicist Henry Boot and
Biophysicist John T Randall invented a device called the resident cavity magnetron capable of generating high energy pulses of microwaves it was years ahead of its time and exactly what Britain needed to gain the upper hand in the technology war with the Germans the magnetron was small enough to fit into
The palm of a hand the perfect size to be fitted into aircraft ships and land Vehicles secret history making extremely high resolution highly accurate radar a possibility in all theaters of conflict the Germans would have paid a Kings Ransom simply to learn of its existence it was in the words of radar historian
Robert py Britain’s most closely guarded secret but there was a problem Britain did not have the scientific or manufacturing light to put the magnetron to best use British factories could not turn out enough of the magnet runs to the right specifications while the associated technology of receivers and
Power supply was not adequate Churchill hoped that the Americans known to be pursuing their own radar researches but formerly still neutral could be convinced to exchange technological secrets and offer help tizard was commissioned to gather up the nation’s top scientific and technological Secrets together with a crack team of scientists
And traveled to America to meet his us counterpart the brightest Jewel in this treasure Trope of technological Marvels was a magnetron James finny bter 3 official historian of the US office of scientific research and development later wrote when the members of the desert Mission brought one to America in
They Carried the most valuable cargo ever brought to our Shores the initial reception for the desert mission was Frosty some senior American officials didn’t feel the British had much to offer in return for their state secrets and since America was officially neutral both sides had to tread carefully meeting behind closed doors and
Inconfidence when the British delegation unveiled the magnetron however a full and Frank exchange began the Americans had also been developing radar and although they had not been able to crack the problem of generating high power microwave bursts they Associated technology and crucially their ability to mass produce were ahead of the
British the collaboration that insued was based around a new radiation lab known as rad Lab at the Massachusetts secret projects Institute of Technology this grew into a huge research effort that eventually employed overc Comm people on several continents and designed half of the radar systems deployed during the war Allied radar
Technology quickly outstripped German capabilities with important consequences for the conduct of the war for instance night bombing became more effective and air fleets were able to operate in a wider range of weather conditions the red laap project has been described as one of the most sign massive secret and outstandingly successful technological
Efforts of the war radar was just one of a host of technologies that made World War II a conflict of Technology both sides pursued covered projects and German backro scientists came up with as many incredible advances as Allied ones but German super weapons upon which Hitler Pinn so much hope in the closing
Stages of the war failed to make a significant impact partly because the resources training and tactics needed to back them up were not available the Allies on the other hand were able to harness their inventiveness to logistical realities and realize the full benefit of their research clandestine missions like deserts made
This possible the Manhattan Project 1942 1945 the greatest sec project of all time was the Manhattan Project or to give it its full title The Manhattan engineering District project the effort to develop a nuclear bomb the Manhattan Project broke all records for its scale cost and ambition it was arguably the
Greatest scientific Endeavor of the age while also being one of the greatest civil engineering and Industrial Feats incredibly it also managed to remain almost entirely secret to the extent that many of its thousands of workers only figured out what they had been working on when news of the attacks on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki was released it wasn’t until after the war that it was discovered that secret history in fact there had been information leaks with results that would change the world as much as the nuclear bomb itself the S were years of great advances in nuclear physics culminating in end with the
Discovery of nuclear fishion and the realization that it could produce vast quantities of energy as a result of Nazi persecution many of Europe’s greatest physicists moved to the US to join the heavy weights already there with them they brought disturbing news the Germans had taken the first steps along the road
To Turning Theory into devastating practice and had started to investigate the potential for a nuclear bomb aware that the warnings of foreign scientists might go unheated the leading immigres such as Leo sard and Edward terer approached the most famous scientist in America Albert Einstein and solicited his support Einstein’s August letter to
President Roosevelt triggered the start of America’s attempt to develop the bomb at first research was carried out peace meal at institutions around the country there were two main strands of research the first was the effort to work out the theory and practice of the bomb itself what were the physics of nuclear fishion
How would a chain reaction work how could it be started the second strand was the question of the fal material itself the radioactive material that would be needed to make the bomb Danish physicist Neil B had suggested uranium a rare isotope of the element Uranium that
Had to be separated from the much more common isotope uranium dot unfortunately no one was sure how to do this particularly in the quantities and at the speed that would be necessary American physicist Glen cbor came up with another candidate plutonium and worked out that it could be created by
Exposing uranium to neutrons in a nuclear reactor again this had never been done while the scientists were formulating and theorizing the official status of the project was evolving the initial research Grant had come from the Navy and further research had been secret projects done under the opes of
The National Bureau of standards in President Roosevelt and vavar Bush head of the Carnegie Institution and destined to become the most powerful man in American science and research during the war created the Office of scientific research to move nuclear research forwards in word came that physicists in Britain had mathematically demonstrated
The massive destructive potential of a ficient bomb Bush instituted a special committee to accelerate nuclear research soon afterwards the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor and America was at War as the country mobile Leed for a total war effort the nuclear program would change from a disparate group of independent researchers into the most focused
Single-minded research effort in history the first step was innocuously enough an academic Summer Conference organized by J Robert Oppenheimer a University of California scientist who had been working on the theory behind the bomb the conference brought together many of the leading nuclear fishion researchers together they thrashed out the basic
Design of a nuclear fishing bomb the conference also highlighted the need for a single laboratory where all the research efforts could be combined and coordinated while it became clear to vavar Bush and other notables that the lack of fil materials the uranium and plutonium Isotopes was an even more
Serious problem in September Bush asked roel to combine the disperate research efforts under the command of the military the project was given to the Army Corp of Engineers who named it the development of substitute materials and assigned Colonel James Marshall to take charge the first priority was to get
Started on the huge plants that would be needed to produce adequate quantities of FAL material but at the time only one method had moved beyond the theoretical stage and even that was riddled with problems Marshall was beset with difficulties project scientists criticized him for not getting started
On the plant but he was secret history unwilling to move until designs had been finalized while squabbling between the scientists made it hard to decide which research paths to pursue he also struggled because the project had insuff priority to allow him to requisition materials that were reserved for other
War efforts such as steal for the plant construction even the name of the project was criticized for giving too much away a new man was selected to take charge Colonel Leslie Groves almost immediately promoted to Brigadier General in order to impress the scientists he would have to command had impeccable credentials having just
Overseen the construction of the world’s biggest office building the Pentagon despite his desire to be posted to a combat theater he found himself in charge of a crisis hit project at home his first step was to recen the project following the convention of naming engineer Corps projects after the
District of the projects headquarters in this case Manhattan Groves quickly got the Manhattan Project moving settling disputes and making bold decisions it’s aggressive and forceful management style would be key to the amazing success of the project Groves purchased a site in Knoxville Tennessee later to be known as
Oakd and ordered work to start on the uranium separation plant even though the designs could not be finalized meanwhile in December enrio fmy a Nobel prize winning imigra physicist had made a major breakthrough in his laboratory beneath an old playing field at the University of Chicago FY had built a
Small nuclear reactor and achieved the first self-sustaining nuclear Chain Reaction using scaled up versions of his methods it would be possible to make plutonium Groves now selected another site at Hanford in Washington state for a huge plant that would produce plutonium the scale of the plants at oakd and Hanford was breathtaking
Residents living in the areas were evacuated in secret projects Massi an entire towns built from scratch for the tens of thousands of workers at oakd for instance by the end of there were plans for Comm people to live by March this had been revised to Common People by the
End of the war Oakridge was the fifth largest town in Tennessee and the uranium plant was consuming 17th of all the power being produced in the nation just one of the uranium separation factories the white plant required million feet of lumber and commat tons of silver borrowed from the US Treasury
Because there wasn’t enough copper available for making electrical components all of this effort was directed according to plans that changed as construction proceeded with all the glitches that might be expected in trying to transfer a process from lap to fulls scale industry without any of the usual proving stages meanwhile over in
New Mexico a small town had been built on the site of an Old Ranch this was the Los Alamos research site an intellectual boom toown where J Robert Oppenheimer led a team of scientists and Engineers as they attempted to overcome amense theoretical and practical difficulties
To design an atom bomb as well as the incredible size and speed of the project Groves had to ensure its total secrecy to achieve this he instituted a culture of absolute secrecy following the dogma of compartmentalization where the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing compartmentalization of
Knowledge to me was a very heart of security my rule was simple and not capable of misinterpretation each man should know everything he needed to know to do his job and nothing else concealment extended to the smallest detail though not always displaying great imagination when enrio FY visited the Hanford plutonium processing site
His ID bash gave a fake name Henry farmer the surreptitious nature of the project meant that Groves was able to circumvent political considerations of cost safety or morality there was effectively a blank checkbook for the secret history Manhattan Project and its progress was not hampered or hamstrung by governmental oversight this may have
Been Justified at the time but many feel that the Manhattan Project became the prototype for massive covered projects operating without proper civil or Democratic oversight a in crop that would bear fruit in Eisenhower’s warnings about the growing power of the military industrial complex and operations like the Iran Contra affair
Under Grove’s Relentless driving the Manhattan Project met its impossible deadlines in less than 3 years the fisal material production effort had gone from virging ground to huge industrial plants producing enough material for three bombs one code named Gadget would be used as a test device the other two
Little boy and fat man uranium and plutonium bombs respectively would be used in Anger by the summer of the Manhattan Project was ready to test Gadget a test site in the horat Del muo Valley in New Mexico was selected and cod named Trinity Harry Truman who had recently become president on the death
Of Roosevelt wanted to know the results before he attended the pot Stam conference with Churchill and Stalin at the end of July on July Gadget was detonated at Trinity the effects were awesome as hundreds of thousands of Japanese would shortly discover the Manhattan Project had succeeded by the
End of the war the project had cost around dollar billion over dollar billion in today’s money the cost in Japanese lives was probably around common but most historians agree that by shortening the war and avoiding the planned invasion of Japan the bombs may have saved More Than A Million Lives the
Consequences for world history were profound and would last for decades despite the amazing success of the domestic Security operation around the Manhattan Project communist spies had succeeded in smuggling many of the secrets of the atom bomb to Soviet Russia including details of research into the much more powerful hydrogen
Bomb the discovery of secret projects this treasury led to a huge Panic about the Soviets having the bomb and an escalation of nuclear weapon research and manufacture to the dismay of many of the scientists who had originated and led the Manhattan research effort the project Spa a global arms race and a
Terrifying nuclear standoff that still bears fruit today as unstable Nations Rogue States and terrorists pursue nuclear projects of their own Operation Paperclip 1945 1957 perhaps the brightest episode in post-war American history was the successful moon landings underpinning this incredible achievement however was one of the darkest episodes of that history a massive covered
Operation code named paperclip to secure the technological and human Riches of Nazi science for American ends and in the process helping hundreds of the thir R’s worst war criminals to escape Justice paper clip was just one facet of a wider American strategy of plundering the material and human assets of Germany
Partly as a form of War reparation and partly to prepare for what many Americans already foresaw the coming clash with the Communists operation paper clip started life in as operation overcast changing its name and do the Curious name derived from the practice of marking with the paperclip the files
Of those detainees who were selected for transfer to America the aim of Operation Paperclip was to get hold of useful German Science and Technology before the Russians did this included Personnel American teams from an agency known as field intelligence agency technical scoured the country looking for everything from chemical weapons and
Rockets to scientists and technicians the whole operation was wrapped in secrecy from the outset no media contact was allowed and no one else in the military was allowed to interrogate The Chosen Germans in all Communications care was taken to refer to them as German civilians rather than scientists secret history President Truman had
Signed on for paperclip but with the strict Proviso that anyone found to have been a member of the Nazi party and more than a nominal participant in its activities or an active supporter of Nazism or militarism was excluded unfortunately this did not shine with the aims and intentions of those running
The operation When The War Department’s joint intelligence objectives agency J had finished finished compiling dossas on the captured scientists they were turned over to the state and Justice departments for Visa approval the files revealed that all the scientists in question had been Ardent Nazis and their visas were denied J director boset we
Complained the best interests of the United States have been subjugated to the efforts expended in beating a dead Nazi horse dot the files also suggested that the Nazi scientists would pose a threat to the security of the USA webs response showed the thinking of the American intelligence Community leaving
These scientists in Germany where they might fall into the hands of the dreaded Communists he argued was a far greater security threat to this country than any former Nazi affiliations which they may have had or even any Nazi sympathies that they may still have the reaction of
The J and their colleagues in the CIA was to Simply rewrite the offending profiles probably the most prominent paperclip recruit was verer Von Brun architect of America space program but previously Mastermind of Germany’s V rocket program Von Bron’s initial file labeled him a potential security threat the soned version issued 6 months later
Opined that he may not constitute a security threat to the United States in fact Von Bron’s story illustrates well the ambiguous and sometimes Insidious nature of Operation Paperclip a physicist with a Fascination for rockets and a dream of interplanetary exploration Von Bron’s early research was funded by the German Ordinance
Department by however with the Nazis in control military development was the only Avenue secret projects open and he began work at the notorious p on the base developing anti-aircraft and long-range ballistic missiles culminating in the development of the a do and ignoring objections that it was anicient way of delivering explosives
And an unconscionable drain on resources Hitler decided that the a would be a Vengeance weapon and it was pressed into Service as the V hundreds were launched at London where the authorities launched a concerted campaign to make it look as though the missiles were overshooting to try to fool the Germans into aiming
Short reigning death and destruction with little strategic rationale the extent of Bon Bron’s complicity is hard to gauge His official biography pushed to an American public ready to make allowances for their space hero carefully Paints the picture of a reluctant Nazi concerned only with his dreams of interplanetary exploration and
Motivated only by his desire to build bigger and better rockets and maybe it’s the truth according to this biography Von Bron was arrested by the gapo and charged by the SS with being too interested in space rocketry and insufficiently devoted to the cause of the furer supposedly he had been opposed
To the use of the Rockets to attack England his military colleague at Panda had to intercede with Hitler to get him released on the basis at the B program would cease to exist without him not long after his return to the base Von Bron called together his team and they
Agreed to try to surrender to the Americans reasoning that they alone would be able to afford to continue the rocket program Von Bron let a bold Dash to safety through SS and Gusto checkpoints commment Deering trains and trucks to carry people and all their equipment bluffing with forged papers
Were necessary the boys from operation paper clip were already searching for them so once contact was established the Americans were only too glad to take them into custody and immediately dispatched a large team to loot Panda and bring back train carloads of secret history the parts Hitler’s secret
Weapons would now serve a new master eventually after suitable reworking of his dossier Von Bron and members of his team were brought to America to form the nucleus of the nassin US missile program and he finally achieved his dream of Heading an interplanetary rocket research team and masterminded the
Development of the Saturn rockets that would take man to the Moon Von Bron’s clashes with the SSN subsequent heroic Von Ryan’s Express style exploits certainly made it easier for the American public to overlook his past and the rehabilitation of his public Persona was completed when he became an aular
Figure in a series of wildly popular Disney programs but question marks remained how much of a Nazi was he hadn’t he gone along with the use of slave labor at Pam and masterminded a program that brought death to hundreds of English civilians his initial G assessment was far from sanguin and not
Everyone was willing to forgive and forget in later years Von Bron found himself on a flight schedule to touch down for refueling in Britain where he was still a wanted war criminal a quiet word in the captain’s here ensured that the plane continued to a less emical destination many of the scientists
Recruited by Operation Paperclip were far less sabery than Von Brun for instance Arthur Rudolph another key member of the Saturn rocket team had been operations director of a death camp Factory that used slave labor who were starved tortured and worked to death his initial assessment labeled him perent
Nazi and suggested internment when his past was revealed and he fled to West Germany even worse paperclip recruited many scientists who had been involved in the Nazis notorious human experiments Kurt Blom had experimented on concentration camp prisoners with plague vaccines and was accused of systematically murdering sick prisoners
He was recruited to work for the US Army chemical Corps Major General Walter shriber had overseen and directed experiments on concentration camp prisoners he secret projects was recruited by the US Air Force School of Medicine when his past was revealed and he was Spirited out of America to live
In Nazi friendly Argentina according to Linda Hunt author of Secret agenda the United States government Nazi scientists and project paper clip the True Legacy of paper clip was to inspire covered chemical warfare research on human subjects by the US Army she alleges that US soldiers were exposed to nerve gas
And psychoactive drugs at the US Army Chemical Testing Center at Edgewood Arsenal in a program that involved Nazi scientists morl Lord conspiracy theories alleged that this was just the start of a long-running program of research into mind control techniques called project MK Ultra but the credibility of this
Theory is undermined by its links to alien abduction and JFK assassination conspiracies according to official sources such as NASA foreign technicians and Specialists came to the US under the opes of Project Paperclip of which Von Bron’s team of was the largest single group paperclip was just one of a number
Of operations however the ultra secret operation also was a similar project to retrieve nuclear secrets and scientists and prevent them from falling into Soviet hands beginning in operation National interest brought in the remit of paperclip to bring over scientists to work for American industry or Academia and not just the military clandestinely
It also allowed the CIA to recruit intelligence and Military assets who might be useful against the Communist threat opening another and even more shady chapter in the dark history of US involvement with post po Nazis see the real oesa conspiracy page 37 whether you listen to the euphemisms of the official
Version or the accusations of the critics questions over the morality of operation paper clip Remain the guiding principle for America’s post-war treatment of potentially useful ex-nazis was that the end Justified the means how many third right criminals escaped Justice as a result this has been a production by the
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