WORLD HISTORY CLASS 01 BY UMESH REDDY SIR.

And um this uh world history is for Mains okay again same like Post Independent India this section is also there for uh the mains part of the syllabus sir so we will have a look at which sections are included as part of modern world history as part of our

Syllabus okay and what is the course plan for us so all of these aspects we are going to discuss first sir okay so in fact the syllabus for uh upsc in world history is usually called as modern world history sir okay so usually it is called as modern world history modern

World history is the part of our cabus sir so here before going into any further discussion so I just wanted to ask as I have talked about it already what is the definition of History sir what is the meaning of History huh so it is actually a dialogue between

Present and past it is a chronological collection of important events and what is important is determined on our needs of today this is the first day first discussion of mine is this right so that is what history means here now the second word which is included here

Is okay world history sir but even though the name world history is included sir most of the areas of world history are dominated by the European and Amic history sir European and American history they take the center stage in any textbook on world history sir following this there is no escaping

This we have to read about some people who have no relevance to India directly but the academic syllabus of the world history it is mainly focusing on the American history on one side American means USA not the American continent USA okay these days what upsc has started

Doing is it started asking questions on African history it is asking questions on the history of Southeast Asia sometimes they ask questions on the Chinese history so it means that upsc is also trying to break away from the European dominated history sir and it is trying to focus on the other areas of

History too so whenever I discuss any section of Africa Southeast Asian Chinese or non European history I’m discussing consider that it is dou important sir European history both important okay important European history say nonan history now the third word which is used here is mod what is the meaning of modernity sir

What is the meaning of modernity after the coming of Industries the age is called as Modern Age is it an app definition sir very good okay so in the thought process what is important sir very nice okay so in fact modernity is a period in history when the mental

Outlook of people is dominated by reason or rationality then it is called as okay being modern men and women you should be knowing about it okay modernity means it is a period in history when the mental Outlook of people is dominated by reason or rationality then it is called as

Modernism yes being modern is different from modernity but in history modern term is the period in history so when okay so in the mental Outlook of people reason or rationality they started playing Central rool sir so naturally you will get a question okay so then what was dominating the mental Outlook

Of people in the period which is preor to the modern period huh regionalism is it regionalism Theocratic it means that before modern period the mental Outlook of people is dominated by religions uh church is the most dominant one or religion so if the mental look of the people is dominated by religion then

It is called as premodern period understand this and if it is dominated by rationality or Reason then it is called as modernity okay modernity means so modern history is nothing but it is a period of study when reason dominated the mental Outlook of people so that is our study here

Sir yes so now let’s have a look at the syllabus which has been prescribed by upsc first then after that we will go to our uh own method of studying we will discuss about it so syllabus see this okay syllabus is given there see the syllabus so events from 18th century

Okay what is 18th century sir what is the period 1700 to 1800 okay so events from events from 18th century that is from 1700 to 18002 okay so uh the later period Now understand this sir carefully see such as Industrial Revolution is one word that has been mentioned then apart

From Industrial Revolution the second word that has been mentioned is world wars understand this then the third word that has been mentioned is redrawing of national boundaries then fourth word that is mentioned is colonization fifth word that is mentioned is decolonization then political philosophies like communism sir it’s not communalism

Please change it political philosophy is like it is wrongly printed there communism socialism capitalism is M and their forms and effect on society has been included as part of the syllabus so it is syllabus is very very simple it says very simply that events from 18th century such as Industrial

Revolution world wars redrawing of national boundaries colonization decolonization political philosophies like communism socialism capitalism their forms and effect on society is the syllabus is it clear so it means that many people initially when this syllabus was given people started focusing on only the events which have been mentioned here

Siroc but upsc okay what did is it has broke away from this syllabus and what they did is they gave utmost important to this first word that is events from 18th century so they started asking questions on American Revolution okay then you cannot question UPS it is out of

Syllabus okay even events from 18th century they asked question on okay um they asked questions like what are the factors which led to decolonization in West sir because if you ask some students very strictly what are the factors which led to Indian independence they will be doubtful sir

Then at one point of time they asked a question saying that what are the factors which Leed to the decolonization of malan peninsula question is malays okay so is question what we have done is I have re integrated this entire syllabus and I have divided it into a clear course plan

So where one after the other we are going to discuss one after to the other event in order to get a clear picture of world history and we will try to get the capability to answer mainly applied questions sir okay primarily because just like Post Independent India here

Too upsc doesn’t ask academic questions strictly sir they ask applied questions applied questions means what okay discuss the impact of French Revolution on global politics of today is the question okay French Revolution 1789 okay 2020 2020 are you following what I’m to say so this way they asked applied questions

Or they asked very very remote academic questions have been asked from world history okay what is the meaning of republicanism sovereignity secularism also helps you okay in understanding getting a proper understanding over international relations okay two areas may it is important one is IR and the second one

Is poity section then along with that as it is it is important for history and that is the reason why world history is considered to be a background subject which will help us in better understanding the other subjects of upsc sir yes so that is with that intention

We will first plan our course sir so we will plan our course so first and foremost in order to understand the modern history of the world first and foremost we should at least have a brief understanding of okay what was the condition of medieval Europe sir okay because on the conditions of medieval

Europe only the modernity has started so the first discussion or the first topic that we are going to talk about is we are going to do a study of the medieval European okay poity economy and society and after discussing this medieval European poity economy and Society we will discuss a very important

Event from 18th century Europe so which is called as the we will start our discussion with Enlightenment sir okay Enlightenment will be the start of our discussion and Enlightenment is an intellectual movement which tried to correct the problems of medeval Europe sir Medieval Europe okay in order to bring in a new

Idea in Europe this Enlightenment as a movement it started sir in fact Enlightenment is considered to be the event which signified modern l in fact the modern ages they start with Enlightenment so that is the reason why first I’ll discuss about Enlightenment sir then after Enlightenment so Enlightenment is

In fact I told you that it is an intellectual movement okay but will the society change because of only some intellectual ideas sir will it change because of just some intellectual ideas okay the people who are getting benefited from okay the medieval times will they accept the ideas of Enlightenment easily sir they

Will not accept so in order to practically implement the ideas of Enlightenment itself okay a very important event occurred which is called as the French Revolution and this revolution is called as a mother of all political Revolutions in the world and this is a very very important event that

We are going to discuss sir and this provides us the background for world history the things we discuss in these two topics they will form the foundation for the later topics of world history sir or topic what we are going to do is you might have heard that this French

Revolution has famously given three ideas for the world okay one is called as Liberty the second one is called as equality and the third one is called as fraternity Liberty equality and fraternity okay and from this idea of Liberty which has been proposed by the French Revolution what happened is on

One side democracy has started politically okay democracy is an outcome of Liberty democracy is an outcome of Liberty then along with political democracy listen to me carefully here I will discuss all these things again also but Focus sir okay just focus I’m just giving an introduction so Liberty on

Political side it led to democracy and on the economic side it led to capitalism sir understand this carefully on economic side it led to capitalism then apart from capitalism if you look at the idea of equality the equality idea it gave birth to socialism in world history sir it gave birth to socialism

Socialism is based on the principles of equality capitalism is based on the principles of Liberty sir are you following this then the third idea that has been proposed is this idea of fraternity sir what is the meaning of fraternity Brotherhood okay so is it a universal Brotherhood

Sir is it the Brotherhood hood of all the people of the world fraternity is nothing but a national Brotherhood sir the true meaning of fraternity is National Brotherhood and in fact this fraternity as a principle it led to one more important Force which has guided the world politics that is

Nationalism understand this carefully because fraternity is not the Brotherhood of okay India and Pakistan citizens fraternity is the Brotherhood of the Indian citizens only and the fraternity will be built on the basis of enemity against Pakistan okay so I think yesterday match pulp okay so we might have seen so when

I say pulp you are laughing it means that you are not considering pakistanis as your brothers are you understanding this so in fact fraternity as a concept itself is based on National Brotherhood and it led to the rise of nationalism as an important political force sir this way the guidelines for the global

History they have been laid down by the French Revolution okay one is through Liberty They promoted democracy and capitalism through equality They promoted socialism through fraternity they proposed the idea of nationalism sir and post French Revolution what we are going to do is we are going to

Divide the world history into two lines sir one is the economic line of History sir and in this economic line of History what we are going to do is we are going to discuss about both Liberty and equalities in though IDE Ecom line of history and in this

Economic line of History okay post French Revolution the first topic that we are going to talk about is the topic which is called as liberalism sir understand this carefully liberalism liberalism is an ideology which tries to promote freedom of peop it is an ideology which tries to

Promote the freedom of people as much as possible sir and out of this liberalism as an ideology itself there emerged one more ideology that is called as capitalism because in our syllabus different political ideologies their effect on society has been given right their various forms and effect on

Society is given so that is the reason why in economic line we’ll start with liberalism then after that we will discuss about capitalism its various forms and effect on society then as an outcome of this capitalistic ideology what happened is an important event occurred which is called as Industrial

Revolution sir are you following this okay one important outcome of this capitalism is Industrial Revolution in fact upsc has asked two questions on Industrial Revolution sir two questions on Industrial Revolution one is on Industrial Revolution Japan the other one is Industrial Revolution of England question so this topic is important so

In fact capitalism it gives people economic freedom and this economic freedom it led to the evolution of Industrial Revolution but when people are given complete economic freedom what happens is automatically one of the important outcomes of industrial revolution is inequality in society is it not true sir in any industrialized

Society the owners of the industry will always be richer when compared to the people who work on the industry right so this led to the problem of inequality in societies and once this inequality has become a major problem in order to counter this inequality which is produced by Industrial Revolution a new

Ideology has emerged which is called as socialism which took inspiration from the same French Revolution idea of equality and in socialism okay its various forms and effect on society is important for us so socialism okay one socialism which is called as utopian socialism okay the second socialism which is called as

Marxian socialism which is also called as communism because communism as a term is mentioned in the syllabus marxian socialism socialis we will read about one more form of Socialism which is called as democratic sociis the socialism’s effect on society has been asked so as part of the effect

Of the socialism on society we will discuss about the Russian Revolution we will discuss about the Chinese Communist Revolution and along with that we will discuss about socialism in Latin America which is also called as 21st century socialism yes so this is first Liberty then capitalism then after capitalism Industrial Revolution and after

Industrial revolution we’ll discuss about the concept of socialism socialis different forms and its effect on society is Russian Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution and Latin America socialism and once we discuss all these topics the economic line of history is completed now if we look at the political line of History political line

Of history is mainly focusing on okay this concept of nationalism political line of History it mainly focuses on nationalism and in fact one event which preceded the French Revolution we will start our political history with one event which preceded the French Revolution sir which is called as the

Famous American Revolution on which upsa has also asked a question once okay this event is before French Revolution to but the idea is the same nationalism then after American Revolution we are going to discuss about the topic of American Civil warer there is the second topic then the

Third topic that we are going to do is we are going to look at okay redrawal of national boundaries because it has been clearly mentioned in the syllabus right rraw of national boundaries so that rraw of national boundaries is an outcome of nationalism sir and as part of this

Redrawal of national boundaries we will discuss about the topics like unification of Germany and unification of Italy okay important topics unification of Germany and unification of Italy and till this time okay the thing is nationalism is a very very positive and it is a construct Force nationalism is a positive and

Constructive force which was leading to very good things in the world it was very good National Unity was achieved but the problem is post this redrawal of national boundaries listen to me very carefully sir nationalism it started getting converted into a negative and destructive force are you understanding this okay do

You have you ever heard this term which is called as excess nationalism sir huh extreme nationalis or excess nationalism so English zingis zingis is excessive form of nationalism okay where the love of the country it gets translated into love for more countries very simple statement so love

For Country it gets translated into love for More Country love of my nation it will lead to okay my aspiration that my country should expand its boundaries can you give any example for this sir China is one then akanda bat in India akanda bat is also excessive nationalism

Wherein the love for the nation it gets translated into the idea that okay the nation should expand its boundaries and enter Afghanistan on one side and BMA on the other side the extent of India should be that that is akand that is what is called as excessive nationalism

It is this kind of excessive nationalism which led to the next major political event in world history which is called as the first World War and from here on the negative aspect of nationalism is very clearly visible sir so the first world war is one major event that we are

Going to discuss as part of our political life then after the first world war okay we will discuss about this topic which is called as great economic depressions I’m not including it as part of the economic line even though it has economic basis to it primarily because

Okay it will break the flow of History sir great economic depression first world war UPS has asked a question on first world war UPS has has asked a question on great economic depression okay then along with the great economic depression we are going to discuss about one more

Form of okay nationalism which is called as Ultra nationalism sir okay extreme nationalism already we know now the next form of nationalism is called as Ultra nationalism Which is higher than extreme extreme itself is very high is very very aggressive form of nationalism which is called as Ultra nationalism sir and this Ultra

Nationalism in world history okay it has been manifested as fism and Nazism so we will discuss about those two ideologies sir Fascism and Nazism which are usually called as Ultra nationalism and they are represented by people like Hitler might have heard about the name Hitler right so they represented this idea of ultr

Nationalism sir Fascism and Nazism that is next topic then as an outcome of this ultr nationalism itself the next topic we are going to talk about is second world war second world war is the next topic then after discussing the second world war the political line of History it

Comes to an end is it clear then after this economic and political line what we are going to do is we are going to discuss about this topic which is at the mixture of Economic and political lines economic and political line mixture line and this mixed line is the line of imperialism

Or colonialism sir this line is called as Imperial ISM and colonialism like okay in fact usually we tend to use the terms imperialism and colonialism interchangeably we use both the terms okay saying that British colonialism British imperialism both of them we use right but if you look at from the

Academic point of view imperialism and colonialism are a little different sir imperialism is nothing but political control over the colony by an imperial power is called as imperialism sir are you understanding this political control is called as imperialism whereas colonialism is more broad-based term sir it includes political economic social

And cultural control of the colonis is British rule in India is can it be called as imperialism or colonialism sir it is colonialism because there is political economic cultur social influence and in fact even today we are continuing under the same influence yes or no yes okay when you

Are using the term s also it is a acceptance of British colonial influence okay automatically bangi so this is British colonial influence so this way the thing is colonialism is more broad-based than imperialism imperialism is mere political control colonialism is political economic social control sir social and cultural control

Is called as colonialism okay in India definitely we had colonialism now after imperialism and colonialism what we are going to do is we are going to discuss the topic of decolonization and decolonization is one topic that we’re going to discuss okay and what do you mean by decolonization generally I’m

Asking so we will become free from Colonial rule that is the idea right so even though the term is decolonization okay what does it implicate it implicates only the end of political control right huh see that’s what I’ll just try to explain this listen to this carefully

Sir in fact we usually call Independence of a country as decolonization sir but decolonization or Independence of the country is just the end of the political control sir are you following this but the economic social and cultural control which are part of colonialism they are going to continue even after achieving Independence

Hey K sir even today we have the Indian railways running which is the economic influence of the British colonial state the social influence of the British colonial state is what is the social influence sir language okay so that we are speaking culture uh elite club in India civil services examination yes there is

Cultural influence of the British okay huh uh golf clubs even today in India in a country which is very water deficit in that country we will maintain absolutely green golf courses sir is it true or not okay okay it should not get right it should always big GRE okay so this way

The thing is okay decolonization it okay ideally should mean the end of colonialism sir but it is a misnomer it should have been called as deimperialization are you understanding this it should be called as deimperialization but it is called as decolonization but the thing is even after the end of the political

Control the economic social and cultural control they are going to continue even after post-independence period and this continuation of the economic social and cultural control after the end of the political control is usually called as neoc colonialism this term is important neocolonialism is okay the continuation of economic social and cultural

Influence after the end of the political rule is called as neoc colonialism yes this is an important topic neoc colonialism we need to talk about so neoc colonialism decolonization and imperialism or colonialism are the three topics which are part of this economic plus political L sir then me so post second world war

Okay so post second world war 1945 there is a event in world history which is called as Cold War Sir so this would be our last chapter and last topic sir So Cold War I think you might have heard about the enemity between USA and USSR the

World was divided into two blocks you remember when I talked about n i told about this okay the world was divided into two blocks and the conflicts between them are usually called as cold Wars and in Cold War there will be no actual conflict between these countries

That is the reason why the war is called as Cold War there will be no actual conflict okay or no Ong ground military conflict but the conflict will be in various Fields like okay one is to win over friends to their side the other one is ideological conflict the other one is

Space conflict Sports conflict okay so trade and commerce May conflict so all of these things are the conflicts which occurred during Cold War this is also an important event in world history and say questions once there was a question on Su crisis okay then along with that

There were many other questions also in this section this is also an important section and here in this section we will discuss about the events like the Korean War the Vietnam War okay the Arab Israel conflict okay all of these things we are going to discuss as part of our okay uh

This cold war history sir then the end of Cold War it occurred in the year 1991 sir and what reason what is the reason for the end of Cold War Sir disintegration of USSR okay or the fall of USSR is the event which signified the end of Cold War so we’ll discuss about

The disintegration of USSR too then after the disra disintegration of USSR the last topic that we need to discuss is the unipolar world order which has been established by the Americans after the fall of USSR there was no challenge to the Americans and they established a world order which is called as unipolar

World Order where they alone dominated the world politics for nearly 20 years okay for nearly 20 years they dominated single-handedly the global politics so this is the period of American uni unipolar okay domination over World politics sir and once I discuss here okay this would be be my

Last topic and from here the international relations topic should ideally start sir okay primarily because the international relations this starts with multipolarity of the world sir from this unipolar world order the transition to multipolar World Order is something which is happening today sir so unipolar World Order means American dominance from American

Dominance single pole dominance to we are moving towards multi-pole dominance and our G20 meeting is also an example for the same multipolar world order so this is the case with the world history sir so I think you’ll be getting a fair idea clear idea about most of the topics which come in newspaper

Particularly in the global politics section once we study about this issues is it clear okay so this is the case with the syllabus okay so I’ll not read through the syllabus sir because whatever I have told just now they will be present as part of the index sir index subtopics okay so

Now we will discuss about the first topics for today sir the first topic for today is we will okay conduct a clear-cut scientific study about this Medieval Europe sir Medieval Europe it in fact provides us the basis for modernity sir so that is the reason why we need to understand Medieval Europe

Before discussing about modern yeah what is this Medieval Europe okay and how the situation was present we will discuss it in terms of Po economy and Society so and once we discuss these things we will get a clear idea and this provides the basis for enlightenment

Sir so now I just ask some simple questions sir you need to answer on based on your responses I will try to okay construct this medeval European poity economy and societies so what kind of political system does Medieval World have sir monarchy Okay so the term which is usually associated with the medeval

Times is this monarchy okay monarchy is the rule by a single person is usually called as monarchism and this monarchical form of government is the typical form of government during medal times sir and in this monarchical form of government okay The Sovereign power what is the meaning of sovereign

Sir Sovereign means highest Supreme The Sovereign means supreme power the Supreme power of the government it will be in the hands of the King sir then apart from the supreme power being in the hands of the king there is one more idea during midal time that is the King

Has concentration of all the powers of the government in his own hands sir so this is the phenomenon which is called as concentration of powers where the king is the lawmaker the king is going to execute the law and the king is going to sit as a judge over any infringement on the

Law so concentration of power means the king is the lawmaker the law executioner and along with that he is also the chief judge of chief judge is also the King sir judicial the executive judicial and legislative Wings all of the powers are concentrated in the hands of the king is

It all right so this is the second character of monarchy then apart from this the third character of monarchy is usually most of the monarchies the governance will be based on the whims and fancies of the king it means that there will be no limit on

The king’s power so whatever he wants to do he will be able to do this is called as vims and fancies means okay my wish fancy means my imagination that is what is called as whim and fancy okay is fancy means okay both of these things I’m

Going to do and there is no one who is going to stop me sir so the governance is based on the Wom and fancies of the king so this is the third nature of the monarchical rul and usually most of the monarchies and any form of government

Which is being governed by a single individual they are more prone to Warfare sir understand this very carefully because the person personal ambition of the king it will translate into war so we have seen it in case of Post Independent Indian history also Pakistan it fought against multiple number of

Times primarily because it is being ruled by a military dictatorship sir are you following this so that is the reason why it is called as okay so whenever the king ruled states are present automatically there is higher possibility of wars and here the wars are highly prolonged Wars sir during

Medal time in Europe we hear of Wars like 100 Years War 100 Years War means this war was fought over a period of 100 Years sir there is a war called 30-year War okay so 30e war is one more war then 7 year war is one more war it means that

War is one of the chief characteristic TR of any monarchy ruled States so this is one more nature then along with war okay one more important thing about the monarchical rule is okay sovereignty yes so usually the monarchical rule is heredity right okay so heredity means what okay

When the King dies his son becomes the next okay this was a hereditary kind of monarchy and the King used to get his power to rule okay even though it is hereditary monarchy the King was supported in his governments by the church understand this very carefully I’ll explain this so the

Church supports the king in his govern sir it means that whenever a King dies and his son wants to become the next king he has to go to Rome where the pope was present and he has to kneel before the pope and the pope is going to place

The crown on the head of the next King sir and by Pope placing the crown on the head of the king the king also got the support of okay the Divine or the Kings or sorry Divine or the gods are you following this so the church support to

The king is usually known as okay this Divine monarchy Divine monarchy means okay the church is a representative of God because the God cannot speak directly himself so he will okay guide his Pope okay Pope is the appointy of the God okay so he is going to Crown the king

And this will provide God’s help to the king is the idea here sir and no one can question the king because questioning the king would be equivalent to questioning the gods so this is what is called as Divine rights monarchy sir the correct word which is used is divine rights monarchy

Are you following this and in this establishment of divine rights monarchy the most important role is played by the yes so this is the character of of the monarchy sir then apart from monarchy the second important political TI of the Medieval Times is okay so Medieval Times May the poity is

Organized on the basis of this idea which is called as feudalism here feudalism is the next idea sir So So Divine monarchy hereditary monarchy Sovereign is monarchy concentration of powers then whims and fanes and war is the chief character so okay Monarch character if you look at the political

Structure the political structure of medieval Europe is based on this concept which is called as feudalism sir okay feudalism is I will try to give the simplest possible definition for feudalism try to understand this sir feudalism is a political economic and social system which is organized on the

Basis of okay land ownership and its derived rights understand this carefully feudalism is a political economic and social system which is dependent on land ownership and the land derived rights po economy and Society deter so I’ll just give one example so in a feudal system politically the most

Powerful person would be the largest land owner in the society feudal law so the strongest person politically is the biggest land owner is the politically strongest person sir economically the richest person in society is also the biggest land owner are you understanding this then socially the most respected person

In the society is also the biggest landowner and under this feudal system okay in all three respects the highest Authority is the king because the king is the head of feudalism sir yes King is the head of the feudalism because he possessed the maximum amount of land under his own

Control sir are you following this but the problem is King cannot take care of the of all the lands that he possesses it is very difficult for him to control the entire land so what he does is he transfers his land ownership right to people who are called as the feudal

Lots and these feudal Lots will be given territory all across the country let’s suppose the king is present here he owns the land around his Capital directly and the rest of the land what he will do is he will cut it down into small parcels and each parcel he’s going to allocate

With to one feudal so once the feudal Lord is given the land automatically the feudal Lord becomes the owner of the land are you following this and because the king gave him land the feudal Lord okay he in fact expresses his loyalty to the Kings it means that he is complete

Subordinate to the king because the King has given him land and apart from being completely subordinate to the king the feudal Lord is also supposed to perform some functions for the king one is from the revenue and money that he collected from his own territory what he has to do

Is first he has to maintain a military for the King sir he has to maintain a military for the king then along with maintaining a military for the king he also has to administer the region okay which has which is under his control he he will become the chief administrator

Then apart from administering the region if the King asks him to take up the position of any civil servant role understand this carefully okay the king is there have given some 2,000 acres of land to okay let’s suppose him in some distant area sir in return He

Will maintain 1,000 troops for me in return He will administer the 2,000 acre then apart from that whenever I am having a problem with any civil services okay let’s Suppose there is no Revenue minister in my court I’ll ask him to come and fulfill the role of Revenue Minister

Sir so it means that the feudal LS are administrators they are military men and they are also governors of the provinces which are under their control sir yes so it means that the entire administrative system of the Medieval Times its positions were filled only by the sections of the society who are

Called as fun laer are you understanding this there is no Merit based recruitment sir and the feudal system is also hierarch sorry hereditary just like the uh just like the king system feudal system is also hereditary and here all the civil services posts are also filled

Only on the basis of being a feudal L sir there is no criteria of Merit are you following this and when there is no merit criteria and when on the basis of hereditary nature if you are appointing the civil services post then it is usually called as the second term sir

Aristocracy yeah aristocracy means apart from monarchy the second one that I’m talking about is aristocracy aristocracy is a governance system where okay the people who possess land they are going to take up the civil services post then it is called as aristocracy okay so I’ll dictate sir

Whichever things I’m not uh are not there in the hand out I’ll dictate them don’t worry just listen so aristocracy is a system where the landed magnets they will possess the civil services post is called as aristocracy clear okay so this way they established a system of feudalism now if

Feudal law is given a huge parcel of land sir okay will he have the time after Administration governance okay will he have the time to cultivate the land himself sir he will not have time so what he will do is the work of cultivating the land he will give to people who are

Called as s surfs and these Surs are usually called as semi slaves they’re not full slaves they are semi slaves okay primarily the control over these sures is through okay feudal Lord being the owner of land because feudal Lord is the owner of land these serves are like

Forced labor sir forced labor on the Kings or the on the Lots land and this fourth labor okay is usually called as the practice of cor okay corvey is the practicer the term is used is corvey corvey means forced labor by people on a land which

Is not owned by them is called as corvis and in India also we had a very similar system during midal time and in India the same corvey or forced labor it is called as wisti sir and this wisy has been asked as a upsc prelims question okay forc labor by people who don’t

Possess any land okay by the feudal Lord is called as Cory okay and the person who performs this corvy is called as a surf okay surf is the person who performs the force labor and the force labor itself is called as carviser so if

You look at it this way then if you see the political structure okay understand this there is King yes and Below him there are a huge section of feudal lots and below the feudal Lots there is a large section of is it clear so this is the political

System of medieval Europe all the civil services post all the administrative and Military po they were only provided to the feudal Lords and that who will become a feudal Lord is determined on the basis of birth but not on the basis of merits so monarchy at top aristocracy in

Between and on the lower level it is a form of clavies so top monarchy okay be aristocracy or last There is almost a kind of slavery so this is the nature of the medieval European polities and apart from this medieval European poity which is present within the state one more

Thing is during medal times there was no International institutions okay International Institution is perally absent during medal times today we have international institution which mediates between the country what is it called Sir you right yes but in medal times the problem is there was no International institution at that point of time to

Govern Foreign Relations of the country sir so because of no institution what used to happen is the international relations are conducted on the basis of the principles of third term I’m introducing you to Sir that is called as Anarchy what is the meaning of of Anarchy lawlessness okay lawlessness is

A situation where okay the strong okay will defeat the weak right when there is no rule then what will happen the Only Rule will be the strong will destroy the weaker that is the Only Rule of medieval Europe internationally the strong used to continuously destroy the weak son are

You following this then along with that one more interesting thing about the medieval European world is there was no respect to nationality of people sir nationality of people it means that what culture the people possess so this idea of nationality is completely disrespected during Medieval Times sir so I’ll show

The map of medeval Europe then you will understand sir so when we compare the medal European map with modern European map then you will understand the kind of changes which have occurred sir so I’ll show you the map so let’s see the map yes so what is this nationality why

There is no respect to nationality I’ll discuss later so this is the map of medeval Europe okay can you identify the countries of today which are not part of This so so say okay can you identify the countries which are today’s modern world Nations sir okay can you see France is one okay then Spain is one country which is almost having the same boundaries Portugal is One More Country then apart from that there is England okay but Scotland is separate at

That point of time yes so then Ireland is also under the control of England this is a separate nation yes today we have Northern Island as a separate nation from uh England right so then apart from that apart from these countries once you cross France okay so can you see any country

With its National boundaries sir can you see Ukraine sir on which today there is so much of conflict are you following this then after that can you see this Poland was a very big nation okay then along with that uh Poland it is bigger than the today’s boundaries of Poland right yes then

Along with that is there a country called Germany here sir Germany was not there then apart from that Italy as a country is it there sir is divided into numerous small countries so no Germany No Italy Poland was excessively big then apart from that during medeval time can you see the

Ottoman Empire extended to Europe sir otoman Empire is a Turkish Empire right but they have occupied most of the Eastern Europe essentially this region is a Christian dominated region but the rule is being done by the otoman rulers so Eastern Europe May today there are countries here like okay so the what

Are the countries which are present here so we might have Serbia okay so then along with that we have Montenegro Macedonia all these countries are present here so all these countries are under the control of otoman turkey then apart from this can you see this Arian monarchy in the place where we have

Today countries like Austria Hungaria Czech Republic Slovakia so in all these countries there is one small large empire which has a very big territorial extent which is called as hapsburg monarchism so HSB monarchy is present here so this way in medieval Europe okay the problem is there was no respect for

The nationality of peoples okay today’s boundaries are drawn on the basis of nationality of people that is all Italians are part of Italy all the Germans are part of Germany but at that point of time there was no Germany sir are you following this all hungarians are part of one country called

Hungary all Czechs are part of Czech Republic all slovakians are part of Slovakia are you following this so it means that during medal times there is no respect for people’s cultural identity sir the boundaries of the country is are determined on the basis of the king’s power

Powerful okay I will control even the territory of people who are different in culture than me sir okay in this medieval European political map the boundaries are primarily territorial boundaries but not National boundaries sir there are two concepts one is territorial boundary second one is National boundary sir are

You following this okay so I’ll just give you one example so India has okay settled boundaries with Pakistan in some places okay so these are National boundaries particularly in Punjab in West Bengal these are all national boundaries right yes but at the same time if you look at

Jammu and Kashmir at both the sides of the Border we have kashmiris both the side are okay we have people who are kashmiris but they are divided by an artificial boundary which is called as territorial boundary territorial boundary means artificial boundary National boundary means the natural boundary of the people is called

As National bound so territorial boundary is the boundary which has been okay so drawn by the powers of the Kings sir whereas National boundaries are the are the boundaries which are drawn by the people clear okay so this is the difference between Territorial and National boundaries I’ll discuss them so

Now let’s have a look at the handout for the section first hand out from when compared to this medal Europe just show you the map of modern Europe can you see modern European politics sir okay is quite distinct from the medal European map right yes you have countries like

Ukraine Bas Lithuania lava Estonia all of these are not present see the size of Poland it has substantially come down sir yes so Germany as a country Czech Republic Slovakia then Austria Hungary then in ottoman control regions we have countries like Romania yes then Serbia is there Bulgaria is there Greece is

There all of these things are under the control of otoman turkey sir then Italy is a nation today but at that point of time it was not a nation we never had countries like Belgium and Holland during medal time OB then in England also you can see Ireland has separated

From England and they have an the Scotland into their own country yes so this is the nature of the changes which occurred and what we are going to study is we are going to study this transition process from medal to Modern time trans okay okay so let’s have a look at

Uh the handout of this section yes you open the that medal age okay one more term which is usually attributed to Medieval Age is it is also called as dark age is also called as dark age because there was no progress Society is based on Superstition and it is based on

Religious domination sir there you write one statement there you write one statement medieval period in history Med medieval period in history is a time will period in history is a time when religion in history is a time when religion and Superstition religion and Superstition dominated the mental Outlook of people dominate ated

The mental Outlook of people in contrast to in contrast to Modern period in contrast to Modern period when modern period when rationality dominated the mental Outlook of people in contrast to Modern period when rationality dominated the mental Outlook of people rationality dominated the mental Outlook of people okay so I say okay someone

Snapped and suddenly the mental Outlook of people has changed as okay so usually it takes a lot of process and the process we are going to study sir clear okay so now if you see so polity medieval polity one is it is a monarchical poity I told about monarchical poity right and its

Characters are what sir one is the rules of whims and fancies of the king that is called as arbitrariness arbitrariness means okay ruling according to one’s own interest is called as arbitr okay so there are two systems usually one is law-based system the second one is arbitr arbitr May

Okay arit then okay in this of monarchy there is also element of corruption corruption is nothing but misuse of State funds by the king write it down misuse of State funds by the misuse of State funds by the king okay we have seen numerous examples

Of the same sir okay we’ll see in French Revolution also okay where the Kings okay use the public money for the sake of their personal pleasure sir okay so extravagance okay using the public money for the sake of Their Own personal interest is called as corruption there

Is a simplest meaning of corruption also right public money misused for personal interest is corruption the same thing was monarchical corruption then sovereignity that is supreme power was in the hands of the king then concentration is also in the hands of the King sir then after that you write hereditary monarchy one more

Character is hereditary monarchy then after that you write one more character Divine rights monarchy hereditary monarchy and Divine rights monarchy Divine rights monarchy and hereditary monarchy two terms which are used to define this monarchy are called as Divine rights monarchy and okay hereditary monarchy sir clear sir then

After that okay so the system is based on feudalism feudalism is a system based on land and landbased rights okay so can we call the Indian Society of today as a feudal society sir can we call our system as feudalism huh somewhat yes so our system is called as quasi feudal system

Sir okay so quasi feudal system okay or semi feudal system primarily because if you see usually most of the politicians they come from huge land owning communities in many places yes even today economically at least in rural areas the richest people are the largest land owners socially also the most respect it

Usually goes to the land owners Hey sir so we are in a transitory phase sir okay we our system is called as semi feudal system okay but it is not compulsory sir okay Modi is not the largest land owner in the country is he okay adani is not

Okay I’m just joking okay yes sir okay pan is the largest land owner in orisa okay so I I want to write the biography of this person sir okay because I’m hearing so much about him I’m fascinated okay interesting character so maybe okay so that is the case so here so the idea

Is politically economic and socially the largest land owners will be the most powerful people sir did you understand this so there will be king So Below him there is vasel who is also called as feudal Lord sir add the word feudal there feudal Lord okay fud Lord and

Below them there will be these people who are called as Surs who are semi slaves sir Surs and slaves it is given you cut that and and you write semi surf okay is semi slave semi slave means half slave not full slave but half slave okay full slave means you should own the

Person sir but here you are not owning the person you are owning the land and through land you are controlling the person yes not Manar system it will be compared to the fudal system in India sir samant Raja system man system is a highly bureaucratized system I’ll talk about this in medal times

Okay feudal system is there Sam Raja system in India it is similar to the feudal system now zamari system is also not similar to feudal system because during medeval time jar is not the owner of land in India Jamar is just the revenue collector it is the britishers who converted the

Jamindar into owner of land are you getting this during British rule Jamar can be considered as a feudal LA but before that Jamar was in India just a revenue collector following this okay I’ll discuss later about them in the Modern India section sir now just have a look

At this feudalism is also known as the feudal system was a combination of legal economic military and cultural Customs that flourished in medal Europe this is very formal definition sir you don’t need to remember it but just see this between 9th and 15th centuries broadly defined it was way of structuring

Society around relationships that were derived from holding of land in exchange for service or labor same thing sir whatever I told the same thing is given in a more formal fashion here then one more thing is there you write the feudal Lots the feudal Lots in return for land

Grant the feudal Lots in return for land grant have to have to maintain military for King in return return for land grant have to maintain military for King the feudal Lots in return for land grant should maintain military for the king military for the king military for the king

Comea military for the king comea should should administer the region under their control should administer the region under their control and also and also perform the function of also perform the function of central administrators perform the functions of Central administrators Central administrators Central administrators Central administrators okay so pull stop and you

Right fural system is also hereditary FAL system is also hereditary is also hereditary is also hereditary and this makes it this makes it aristocracy this makes it aristocracy are you following this sir this makes it aristocracy aristocracy aristocracy means rule by land owning classes is called as aristocracy sir this makes it as

Aristocracy so then after that okay so in fact in medieval times even Justice also is inclined towards the highest bid okay what the judge does is okay he will start a bidding processor okay wherein if one party is able to pay the judge more then the justice will favor himself

The other party pays more then the justice will favor thems so this is called as the Justice to the highest biders okay so the thing is even though at the cost of contempt of court I will make one statement even today in India the same kind of justice system is

Present but the thing is the auction has become informal sir it’s not formal auction informal auction so most of the courts May usually the judgments are given in this way only I’m not joking judicial corruption is something which is not spoken about because of the fear of contempt because

In classroom there is no fear of contempt that’s the reason why I’m stating but it is recorded okay but I will leave the Fate To God sir okay I can’t help it okay I had to say Okay okay so I had to say so that’s the

Reason why I’m saying this so this is the case with the contempt of court sir not judicial corruption so there is the judicial corrup two and there were many unnecessary Wars which led to waste of public funds there you right example 100 Years War 30 Years

War 100 Years War 30 Years War all of these things were present 100 Years War 30 Years War then along with that in the political system there are no rights to the individual okay people did not have any political right no freedom of speech and expression no freedom of Association no

Freedom of movement no freedoms are there for people sir there are no rights there there are no rights for individual okay and in fact the political system is failed and undemocratic Sir failed and undemocratic because the political system is not fulfilling the needs of people sir it is a failed system and it

Is undemocratic and at the same time there is absence of nationalism there you write one statement as the boundaries of countries as the boundaries of countries are drawn are drawn on the basis of King’s power the boundaries of countries are drawn on the basis of King’s power and are called territorial

Boundaries are called territorial boundaries but not National boundaries and are called territorial boundaries but not National boundaries okay yes so the boundaries are territorial boundaries but not National boundaries because they’re drawn on the basis of King’s power but not on the basis of people’s interests people’s interest boundary

Draw okay we usually call it as National boundary if the boundaries are drawn on the Bas of the king’s interest then they are called as territorial boundaries so then apart from that there is church dominance over state so I told you about Pope there you right Pope provided Divine sanction for

The king Pope provided Divine sanction for King Who provided Divine sanction for King Divine sanction for King then okay even the Foreign Affairs were also uncontrolled sir uncontrolled Foreign Affairs which is called as Anarchy Anarchy means lawlessness write it down Anarchy means lawlessness in international Affairs lawlessness in international

Affairs so this was the situation okay now after that okay so we need to have a look at the economy and Society of medieval times so we will discuss the topics and then read the handes so same way so now let’s try to understand okay so the next one

Is okay let’s try to understand first society and then after that we will come to economy sir let’s try to understand the society so in understanding of the society we need to First understand one basic ideas okay one basic idea we need to understand okay just like the Indians

Society is divided into various costs the European Society is usually divided into various classes and in European Society usually there are three classes in society sir one is the upper class listen to this very carefully the second one is called as the middle class and the third one is called as lower class

Okay these are the three classes in society and when it comes to the upper classes of society understand this very carefully sir here the class system is not just an economic classification sir understand this carefully the class system is okay something which we need to understand clearly because it is not merely an

Economic system it’s not like the richest person will become the upper class are you understanding this the upper class are people who are okay in fact privileged by birth are called as upper classes understand this carefully upper classes are the people who are privileged by birth sir it means that

Their birth itself will determine okay their political economic and social status then they are called as upper classes okay let’s suppose if a king is there the King’s son is privileged by Birthright because he has the possibility to become the Future King yes so any person who is privileged by

Birth is usually called as upper class person sir understand this carefully and these these people okay they have their social status on the basis of their birth social status deter CL then after that the second class is called as middle class and these middle class people their position

Is in life okay so understand this carefully will be determined on the basis of their achievements if a person’s position in life is determined on the basis of his achievement and if a person identifies with his achievement rather than his birth then he is called as middle class

Members sir then the third class that is there is the lower class these lower classes are the people okay so who are in fact mainly okay the semiskilled and unskilled sections of the societies they are semiskilled and unskilled sections of the society and usually these are the sections lower

Classes okay who tend to work only for for okay their own self- sustenance then they are called as lower class if you work only for your self sustenance and you are semiskilled or unskilled then you are called as lower class if your social status is based on your

Achievement then you are called as middle class and if you are privileged by birth then you are called as upper classer understand this carefully okay now most of the members of the middle class sections of the society understand this carefully they are the people who are educated on are skilled sections of

The society two categories education is there skill is there and usually middle classes are the people who are involved in occupations like okay government profession that is civil services yes then along with the government professions middle classes are the people who are involved in trade and commerce because trade and commerce is a

Skillful activity right okay anyone you know if you know any Merchant or Trader You observe him sir usually okay they are the skillful people sir they know what to buy when to buy when to sell are you getting this so this way there are skilled sections of

The society then apart from that the people who set up Industries are also called as the middle classes of the societies understand this carefully okay even the middle classes are also M sorry industrialist are also the middle classes yeah one thing for which we can feel happy is okay the status of

Ourselves okay is equivalent to the status of Amani tatas okay all of us together we form part of the middle classes okay primarily because in India we don’t have or we don’t recognize this upper classes in India sir till the time princely States privie Pur is present till that

Time we recognize the upper classes in society but once that is destroyed okay the thing is we have moved towards okay system which is based on middle and lower classes alone and in India we today there is no recognition for upper classes so the princely states rulers

They can be called as upper classes right because they are privileged at Birth the jars of Bengal region can they be called as upper classes sir no why not Zars of Bengal are definitely upper classes sir yes or no they are privileged by birth okay otherwise can you afford to

Drink your way to death when a single Love Story fails talking about deas in fact in order to drink your weight to death okay for failure of a single Love Story also you should be privileged sir so do you can you do that you can never do that sir because you can do

That only when you are privileged by birth birth are you following what to say so it means that upper classes are the people who are privileged by birth and their status in society is based on their birth sir it is not based on their achievement are you following this and

The upper classes of the people who always depend on inherited wealth sir and the best example for this section of the society is the rulers of the princely states J and in European case the feudal Lots can be called as upper classes the king can also be called as an upper class person

Are you following this yes then along with that even in European Society okay the Priestly classes are also called as the upper classes Priestly class means there is section called clergy sir clergy clergy means the people who work for the church they are also usually classified as

Upper classes in Europe sir then after that there is middle classes middle classes are the people who are involved in government employment okay they always believe in okay the idea of achievement okay so that is the reason why even the civil services examination is also a middle class dream

Sir because that proce achievement okay the highest level of achievement is clearing upsc examination so then the last section is the lower classes who are skilled or sorry semiskilled or unskilled sections of the society who work for the sake of their only sustenance are you getting this these are the sections which are

Called as lower classes usually okay you can consider that industrial workers are lower classes right are you following this sir so typically in this situation okay the upper classes they will always support monarchy sir understand this carefully the upper classes will always support monarchy they will support feudal

System and they will also support okay a strong church for themselves understand this carefully they will support Church feudalism and monarchy whereas the middle class sections of the society usually the middle classes always support systems which are called as democracy is one thing that they support then apart from democracy okay

One more thing that they support is the idea of meritocracy sir what is the meaning of meritocracy the people who have Merit they will become the rulers Merit based okay governance power is called as meritocracy civil services is the best example for meritocracies are you following this so

Meritocracy is the second one and along with that the middle classes tend to always strongly believe in the idea of capitalism they always strongly support the idea of capitalism primarily because you have Traders industrialists in middle class sir so and if capitalism is present they will get complete economic

Freedom and they can grow as much as their Merit goes are you following this so that is the reason why always support strongly capitalism sir whereas The Other Side Lower classes of the society are present sir okay these lower classes typically tend to strongly support the idea of

Socialism they always tend to strongly support socialism primarily because socialism it promotes the idea of equality and the lower classes demand is always equality so that is the reason why they become strong supporters of socialism so I’ll tell you one example sir typically the upper classes are the

People who want to get selected to the civil services primarily because they are the sons or Daughters of civil servants themselves so automatically I also should become civil servant is the idea of upper classes whereas the middle classes believe that there should be a common entrance examination and if I am

Meritorious enough I should be selected into civil services is the second category that is called as middle class whereas the lower class sections they believe in the idea that okay I will apply for civil services and everyone who applied for civil services they should be recruited as civil servants equ

Okay so what you want to do you have to just apply for the exam application means automatic selection sir that is equality so which system is better sir lower class system is the easiest okay it is the easiest but the thing is in order to have the real okay capability

And competition always the middle class system is okay the most efficient system sir whereas the lower class system is the most okay pleasing system it is very easy okay immediately so that’s the reason why it is better to okay so lower class system it looks pleasing to the eye but middle

Class system is more efficient sir and the upper class system it is based on privilege are you following this so this is the nature of the ideology of each class system and the world’s communist revolutions most of them are led by the lower classes the world movements for

Capitalism and democracy they are led by the middle classes and the upper classes they always support monarchy feudal system and along with that a strong Church the support clear picture okay I will show the pr IAL examples of all these things in French Revolution sir again but I

Think you got a fair idea then apart from this class division of society one more important thing about the Society of medieval times is in the Society of medieval times there is no scope for free thoughts in the Society of medieval times there is no scope for free thought

The entire intellectual world of medieval times it is dominated by Church okay and the church as an institution it supports the sayings of the holy book without any questions okay Bible without questioning it you have to accept Okay all the things which have been stated in Bible

Sir okay but the problem with the Bible is okay so in order to follow the sayings of Bible without questioning them the problem primarily is Bible even though in the respect of Ethics it contains very good principles in respect to okay the Outlook towards World it has many okay pseudo scientific theories sir

Bible’s primary problem is it proposes numerous pseudo scientific theories about the nature of the world sir and of these Pudo scientific theories one and most prominent one is that the belief that Earth is flat okay because of this Earth is flat Theory okay many sailors they used to

Always be afraid of traveling far into the Earth Sur far in the ocean primarily because they used to feel that they will fall off from the Cliff of the Earth are you following this so they proposed this Theory which is called as Flat Earth theory okay okay then second theory that they

Proposed is they proposed a theory which is called as creation myth understand this carefully creation myth Theory and in this creation myth they said that God is the creator of the entire universe and he created all the species on the world within a span of seven days

Sir okay sub species create are you following this every species in the world is created within s days okay and God has created the universe and all the species within it in a span of seven days creation my and in fact this creation myth it directly goes against the principles of Evolution so

Evolution then this flatter Theory goes against the principle of the Earth being spherical in shape then along with that this church it strongly believed that every human being by birth he is a Sinners strongly believes that every human being by birth he is a sinner this is the thinking of Bible sir

And when every person by birth itself is a s sner the thing is if he tries to something do something which is good for himself then he will become a bigger sinner are you following what I’m to say okay okay this way the life of human

Being it has in fact been shown as a sinner’s life sir there is no limit to it step by step people will become only a bigger Sinners rather than okay so considering the progress to be a good thing they will consider progress as a bad thing so in fact let’s suppose I start

An industry okay the Bible thinks that starting an industry is a sin if I become successful in my business it will be considered as a sinor it believes in the concept that in the world the best people are the weakest people sir okay because this is the church’s thinking it

Believes in the concept of human being being a sinner and any action that he does for his own progress will in fact only increase his sin the best thing to do is to leave all the entire world and just focus on meditation on God then only you will escape from

Then along with that the Bible’s thinking is based on the principle that the God is okay in fact much much bigger than human being okay and it used to give the Bible used to give Supernatural explanation for every event every event Supernatural explanation so let’s Suppose there is a

Earthquake consider that it is God is angry with people okay so it when a apple falls from the tree to the ground around people used to say that it is God’s miracle okay because of God’s miracle only the Apple has fallen to the tree okay so okay they used to explain every event

In human life only with the help of the theory of miracle and when you explain everything through Miracle then automatically there is no scope for science here when you think that okay behind this earthquake there might be some plate beneath they might be moving because of which earthquake might have

Happened then that’s his signs but when the earthquake occur you start thinking okay if you start thinking this way then what will happen sir it will backfire are you following this sir Cyclone comes okay bhan anger okay everything if you try to explain through God’s miracle then the

Problem is there will be no scope for science in human life that is a main problem if someone tries to question this ch’s thinking then immediately if she is a woman she will be called as a witch and she will be tied to a stake and she will

Be burnt alive sir if it is a man usually the punishment is death penalty okay and the most gruesome ways of death penalty are usually imposed in fact because someone questioned this Flat Earth theory okay by the name of Bruno okay Bruno is a person who questioned this flatter Earth

Theory he said that when all the planetary objects seem to be spherical why alone will be SP flat okay if you look at Earth why alone it will be flat question then immediately the church caught him and they burned him at Stak sir he is the first intellectual Mar intellectual m means he

Died for the sake of his thought they gave him a chance okay say that Earth is flat we will leave you but how can I go against my own intellect I’m sure that Earth is around then okay so they have burned him down then apart from that

Galileo galile is also one more person so he was arrested and he was put in various kinds of detention for nearly 17 years sir his church thinking question immediately the church will send its own thought police and these thought police will suppress all intellectual and scientific thoughts sir there is no

Question to get out of this along with this one more important thing is apart from this religion domination the thing is just like all other communities across the world the European Society is also highly patriarchal by Nature it is also highly patriarchal then apart from being patriarchal patriarchal means a

System where men Dominate and women are forced to have some obligations men enjoy the rights and women okay are obligated with the duties okay when I once told this system one boy in class he said okay sir it seems to be like a very good system okay so someone told and I told

Him to be careful when he goes out of the class sir okay so okay so this is a patriarchal system where all the rights are enjoyed by the men okay and the obligations are put on women patriarchy was also there then if you look at the social structure of the

Medieval Europe one more important thing about the social structure of medieval Europe apart from church domination the division of society into various classes patriarchy okay so then apart from that what else is there sir just check it once I think uh in society huh domination of church is there yes

Sin is there then apart from that in the social system I forgot to tell about something else I’m thought police I told about the church’s thought police huhuh uh human life and dignity are not given any significance God is given highest importance I told about this right concept okay

So okay these are the main concerns of the medieval Society so let’s have a look at the handout then I’ll explain more things sir so let’s have a look at the hand let’s see this okay so that economy I’ll discuss separately now just have a look at the social structure sir so when

It comes to the social structure okay so feudal Lord King okay and surf these are the three important people Cori or vti is the obligation of a free labor towards Lord I told about this yes then after that the society is based on hierarchical system hierarchy means what

Someone is superior some others are inferior is called as hierarchy sir okay so this inferiority superiority thing is called as hierarchy patriarchal patriarchy is a power system which gives importance to male male rights dominate over female then it is called as patriarchal system there is domination of religious ideology

Religion had influence on state or Pol yes or no sir okay one thing is they controlled the king through appointment of the king through Pope right then apart from that the church also used to have control over the judicial system sir even though the Supreme Court is the

King below him all the courts are dominated by the church sir so there you write one small statement there you write one small statement there okay the religious authorities had control over control over control over Judiciary Authority and they used to they used to sell Paradise used to sell Paradise to the Common

People okay this is real sir okay they used to sell Paradise to Comm people if you are doing something okay so if you’re achieving something you will become a sinner right but there is one provision to escape from your sins sir and the provision is what okay you

Go and pay money to the church the church will sell you some certificates which are called as intelligence certificates sir and once you buy the indigence certificate whatever you have done that will be completely okay so it will be washed away by in the eyes of God

Sir yes so but they have methods to escape from sin sir through confession okay so then apart from that there are some other rituals okay which should be done so then after that they will escape from sin okay he’s asking whether the clergy are free from sin

Completely okay but they will have some Escape Clauses similar people also with money they can buy that they are being forgiven for their sins sir if you pay money they will sell intelligence certificate and with this intelligence certificate you can be sure that you will go to

Paradise okay so but how can one be sure what happens after death even the King used to buy the indulgences you getting this okay so they used to sell Paradise to the common people then along with that religion had predominant role in every Walk of Life okay they used to dictate

Economy okay so and also the process of socialization because education is also under the control of clergy sir so apart from Judiciary one more important department which is under their control is education so because of which reason only this age is called as a Dark Age human life and dignity were not valued

Sir so there you write one statement the church promoted Pudo scientific theories of Bible the church promoted pseudo scientific theories of Bible s scientific theories of Bible like like Number One Flat Earth theory like Number One Flat Earth theory Flat Earth theory number two creation myth creation myth creation

Myth okay so there you write 7-Day creation so creation myth 7-Day creation then number three number three what human being human being is a Born Sinner human being is a Born Sinner greater achievement Born Sinner greater achievement makes him a bigger sinner makes him a bigger sinner then okay write one

More okay bigger sinner God is immensely powerful God is immensely powerful than human being immensely powerful than human being okay so these are the pseudo scientific theories that have been proposed sir yes so these are the various PUD scientific theories which have been proposed which led to a lot many

Problems sir then after that the next one is there was also this thought police sir okay thought police thought police are there is no free speech anything said against the church is an offense and the punishment range from publicly burning at stake which was done for Bruno or putting behind bars that

Was done for galileos Galileo then there is restriction on social progress and the church is also a famously corrupt organization sir church is also very famously corrupt organization so this is the condition of medieval Society sir see once we understand this only we will understand the benefits of modernity sir

Now the next one is okay when it comes to the economy of medieval times sir the econom of Medal times this is the last section okay once we are done with this we’ll call it a day today so we’ll just have a look at the economy of medial

Times so when it comes to the economy of Medal times I think the class structure is not given there yes I talked about upper middle and lower classes right it’s not given but I will dictate it later just listen to me I’ll dictate it sir don’t worry

About it now the thing is when it comes to this medieval economies Med economy okay so I’ll just discuss about this just listen to this carefully sir first and foremost in medieval economy okay there is no concept of free trade and commerce there is no concept of free

Trade and commerce in fact the trade and commerce is completely restricted by okay so the King on one side the second restriction on free trade is the feudal lots and the third restriction on the free trade is systems which are called as guilds here we will understand how they

Restricted free trade and commerce okay so this is important for us to understand capitalism okay so first and foremost let’s try to understand why did the king restrict free trade and commerce okay primarily because the king always had an aspiration that the exports from a country should always be

More than the Imports into the countries in fact he wanted a system of trade and commerce which promotes exports but limits Imports you understanding this okay by having more exports and less Imports then what will happen sir uh there will be Surplus okay which is called as right now it is called as

Forex Surplus sir okay so Forex Surplus it is called as foreign exchange Surplus but in the place of Forex Surplus at that point of time if you increase the exports and decrease the Imports what will happen is you will accumulate the precious metals which are called as gold and silver

Cell you following this okay so with this intention only they used to regulate trade and commerce in order to increase exports and decrease inre Imports this will lead to accumulation of gold and silver within the country and the Kings used to consider that the real wealth of a country is the amount

Of gold and silver it possesses is the belief at that point of time so then according to this criteria which should be the richest nation in the world in midal times sir India because India was always a sink of gold and silver where the gold of the world it used to travel

All across the world and finally it used to come to India and in India it used used to okay get accumulated in the temples and as jewelry for women Hey sir this was a standard tradition in India so in fact they used to believe that a country’s real

Strength will lie in the amount of gold and silver they possess because of which they used to restrict Imports and increase the exports from the country okay it’s got TK then the second person who restricts free trade and commerce is the feudal Lots the feudal Lots restrict free trade on Commerce primarily because

They POS tolls on Goods when they are being taken from one region to another region so just understand this so let’s suppose this is a king’s territory sir and he has okay numerous feudal kingdoms this way okay so let’s suppose this okay a Trader here he wants to trade with okay

A feudal feet which is present here sir understand this now in his travel first he has to go to the other fudal Lord’s land then after that one more land one more land okay one more land and finally he has to come here okay when any good passes through any

Feudal Lots territory he used to impose his own taxes which are called as tools and the taxes of the fudal lots are so high that majority of the Traders they never were interested in taking the goods to a farway distance Because by the time you go to the destination what

Happens is the products price it will become four times or five times because you might have paid tolls for so many toll G are you understanding this so This Way the feudal Lots restricted fre and trade and commerce through their own internal tax regime which is usually called as

TOS then one more section which restricted the free trade and commerce are the guilts sir okay guilds are nothing but they are the association of Traders and Craftsmen are called as guilds and these guilds they’re restricted free trade and commerce primarily by saying that they are going to determine who is going to

Produce what he’s going to produce they will determine okay how much is he going to produce and at what price it can be sold and what quality of the production should be done all of these things are determined by the guil understand this carefully let’s Suppose there is a guild Association of

Uh iron smelters in baneswar sir they will not permit any other person apart from the guild members to start the same question if you start then the guild will harass you are you understanding this sir so there will be no freedom of occupation okay what quality of iron

Product you have to produce is also determined by the guil at what price it has to be sold is determined by The Guild are you some understanding what I’m trying to say and how much quantity of production should be done is also determined by the guilds so this way the

Guilds used used to have a license permit R of their own sir license permit okay so they used to have a license permit R of their own and they used to restrict the production so this way the chief characteristic TR of the medieval economy is that there is complete

Restriction on free trade and commerce one by the king second one by the fudal lots and third one is by the guils is it clear okay and the Kings when they wanted to increase the export and decrease the import okay what happened is they started trading with

Okay countries like India and when they started trading with countries like India they started losing their gold once they started losing their gold the Kings started becoming anxious okay so they are mainly producing texes okay and their agriculture is also not very productive whereas if you look at India we were

Producing different kinds of cotton silk anden textiles were making textiles even textiles also we were making coir means this you know Co right so we were making the textiles in everything Europe had one agricultural season sir agricultur season are you following this and India had three agricultural Seasons okay European Craftsmen were no

Match to the Indian Craftsman sir Indian Craftsman mastered numerous Arts so in any case when we trade with the European world the European World cannot win the gold back from Indians it’s not possible then along with that Indians are also very famously self-sufficient self-sufficient means what they don’t want to buy anything

Which comes from outside the country but the Europeans are dependent on the Indian textiles so when they were trading with India they were losing their gold and silver sir it is precisely to stop this loss of gold and silver that the European countries because of the pressures of their King they started

Colonialism yeah because if you take the political control of the country then you can change the drain of gold rate you can change the direction of drain of gold you are losing gold earlier but now after I get the control over the country what I will do I will

Reverse the process of drain of gold are you following this so I will loot the territory okay I will dictate the prices some are the other I am going to get gold sir so in fact this fascination of the European Kings with gold and silver it led to colonialism

Sir and this fascination with gold and silver is usually called as okay this phase which is called as mercantilism which is also called as bullionism bullan means gold and silver right okay this fascination with gold and silver is called as budism and it is also called as merism

Sir is it clear this is the global economic thought before the entry of capitalism capitalism clear then fural system was present so naturally when okay there are so many sections on trade and commerce every village will it not try to be self-sufficient of its own self trade and

Commerce it would be better for us to be self-sufficient so that is the reason why in medal times the European economies were famously self-sufficient sir okay so then along with that the European Traders they used to only focus mainly on production of luxury products they only focused on production of

Luxury products whereas the Indian Craftsmen they always used to produce things which are required for the common men sir are you following this common men products are the Indian speciality okay luxury products are the European Specialties sir are you following this so this was the nature of the medieval

European economy sir and in this economic system what happened is primarily with the trade which got extended to Asia and Europe what happened is in this medal economic setup the middle class members who are the Traders and the people who are involved in Commerce they started gaining huge

Profits primarily by trading with India and China okay and they’re going to go and sell them at a very costly price in Europe sir so because of which reason okay because of the trade and commerce with Asia the middle classes they started becoming economically very prosperous during types but even though they became

Economically prosperous their social status okay so is it equivalent to that of upper classes sir it will always be lower than the upper classes it means that economically you are rich but socially you are at a very low level then apart from being socially at a very low level the middle

Class members are also politically at a very very low level sir primarily because they are not eligible for government service government service eligible only the upper classes are eligible middle classes are not eligible even though you are the most meritorious person you will not be eligible for government service

No government service no political respect for you no social respect for you but you are economically very rich so what will you do sir naturally huh Revolt yes the best way is what okay to actually try to change the position because you have money okay you try to

Buy people and you take their help in order to improve your position the primary crisis of the European Society at the point of time is even though the system of economy poity and Society they continued from almost 8th Century sirth cyth Century 17th and 18th century primarily because they got money

Because of the trade with the Asia okay now all they were silent and suddenly why they revolted the Revolt is primarily because of the economic Prosperity which they achieved through trade with Asia he sir so this is the case with okay the fight against the upper class domination sir about this we will

Discuss later okay in tomorrow’s class we’re going to continue the class for tomorrow sir tomorrow most probably I will be able to finish off enlightenment and along with Enlightenment I will also finish off French Revolution tomorrow sir all right so we let’s plan uh tomorrow’s class okay so at 7:30 so

We’ll meet at 7:30 sir and uh world history questions I’ll dictate for tomorrow sir because today I’m not able to cover substantial ground I’m not able to dictate any question from tomorrow on I’ll dictate questions please read through the handout sir if you have any questions please uh feel free to ask me

So that’s the case thank you for your time have a good one

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