“T” shaped obelisks with dozens of predatory animals on them. He has become so famous that dozens of local and foreign documentaries have been made about him. and books were written. The unknown in Göbekli Tepe first brought legends, and legends brought with them other stories. brought.
That’s why Thomas Zimmermann now has another issue to connect Göbekli Tepe to. He complains with a slight smile that there is no more left. As with the discovery of the Egyptian pyramids, the subject of course; to aliens, unknown secret
It came to ancient creatures, to lost human races and, of course, to us Turks. Considering the limited amount of data available, it is possible to attribute Göbekli Tepe directly to modern Turks or I think it would not be realistic to attribute it to any other nation yet.
However, the issue is related to the Pre-Turks and Anatolian peoples who have lived in Anatolia for thousands of years. due to the fact that its connection is supported by domestic and foreign scientific articles. I must also say that it differs from conspiracy theories.
But still, alien news is much more preferred than truth-seeking debates. We know that it is popular and in demand. In fact, some unfortunate documentaries go even further and describe the obelisk in Göbekli Tepe. It was even stated that the stones were destroyed idols.
Historical issues that are not yet known and explained due to lack of resources I am not against expressing opinions about it. I am in favor of every idea being discussed, even if it is absurd, as long as it does not turn into an imposition.
Ordinary people, young people and children think that everything is shameful, wrong, absurd or sinful. I support his ability to question without saying anything. However, authorized persons who have reached a certain state position, whether deservedly or not,
And although institutions do not have the slightest knowledge about it; from their minds as a person who knows Explaining every thought as if it were real, especially curiosity and quest people in the world, relying on the status of those people to hold false ideas in a bigoted way.
Causes it to be supported in this way. The world first became aware of Göbekli Tepe when The Guardian newspaper first published it in 2008. Then, in 2012, he published the article “7000 More Years Than Stone Hedges and Pyramids” on their home page. “Great Discoveries That Are Ancient” headlines.
In these articles, first the Göbekli Tepe Mound, its archeology and research; later Urfa Bazaar, Balıklıgöl and of course its food were introduced to the readers with admiration. In their two-page interview with Klaus Schmidt, they also said; America, Europe and information on how to get to Urfa from England were also included.
All the attention of foreign scientists should be directed here and no one should be satisfied. The fact that he could not make a comment made Göbekli Tepe one of the most popular places in popular culture in a very short time. made it one of the topics of curiosity.
First of all, these hunter-gatherers who lived 12,000 years ago were primitive Homo sapiens. It wasn’t. They have physically had the same appearance as us for tens of thousands of years, and have spoken and spoken. small tribes who drew pictures, produced works of art, and weapons of war.
At least they were people who created families. To get more detailed information about this subject, I published the article I published last month. I recommend you to watch the “Human and Evolution History Documentary” series, which consists of 8 episodes. In addition, in the 12,000s BC, Anatolia was more fertile than ever before.
It had an environment. The eating habits of hunter-gatherer people living in this period were probably the first They were healthier than the modern humans who came down to us, engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. These people are highly organized and have strong relationships with each other, just like in shamanic societies.
It had a common memory that respected nature and living things with which it had ties. Tribes meet at certain periods to hunt large animals; giant woolly mammoths, He hunts bison and deer, cooks them, dries them and smokes them. Thanks to this, he could feed for months.
On other days, they hunt small animals, birds and collect from the environment. They met their energy needs with wild fruits and vegetables. During the period when Göbekli Tepe was built, climate change and human population We know that there has been a decrease in wild animals due to their increase.
As the weather warms, especially large woolly animals move north, following the glaciers. It starts to go to cold regions. The decrease in animals and the decrease in the number of hunter-gatherers that should normally be in the population The rise above brings with it settled life and agriculture in Anatolia.
This makes centralized authoritarianism and the hierarchy between tribes and people more clear-cut. makes it one. As in every stage of history and all over the world, Göbekli Tepe is male-dominated. It is the product of male people in the hunter-gatherer culture who specialized in stonemasonry.
To do these works, it is not enough to just master stonemasonry. As in today’s construction works, tasks are also distributed, It requires a system in which they will work together in a hierarchical manner. This introduces the concept of class, where beliefs, skills and expertise are defined separately. brings with it.
People in this period were organized with a modern class perception as in our past. It would be wrong to define it. But probably the people living in the Göbekli Tepe culture had There was another class distinction. In order to build these structures, which will take many years to build, the people working here
He needed serious organization and motivation. This could not be achieved in an irregular, unplanned and non-hierarchical environment. It is from a building culture that continued for 1500 to 2000 years and was carried to other places. We must not forget what we talked about.
In these years, which were the first stages of the Neolithic Period, human tribes came together and It is thought that they came together at certain times to hunt, feed, store and worship. Child care after the long pregnancy period of female humans and of course Especially being physically weaker than men, etc.
Many reasons left the construction of these stone blocks to men. “Did only men draw the reliefs on the stones?” we don’t know that. However, if we look at the clarity of the drawings and the quality of the images, we can see that People sure do.
Due to the reasons I have just mentioned, female people do not have to do such rough and heavy work. rather; lighter, necklaces, jewellery, figures and decorations to be placed on them or on walls. It seems more plausible that he specialized in small works that were drawings.
As a result, in such a situation, it takes fewer males than females to lift 1 stone. It was needed. A gender distribution planned in this way saves extra people and time. It means. In addition, females give birth and ensure the continuity of the tribe and have children.
Things that may be risky for them, considering that they need to look after Naturally, they wouldn’t be made to do it. If these tasks were left to females, males would move away from the area and hunt. She also had to take care of the children.
These females and children, whom we always think are pregnant, are defenseless. Leaving it in such a way was something that could not be expected in such an environment. Females feed the males and their children who will go hungry after hard work. by hunting small animals and gathering high-energy foods and fruits to
He could feed them. This similar distribution of tasks based on gender occurs independently of each other all over the world. It is a successful working order that billions of people still follow. The patriarchal order is the civilization that brought us from millions of years ago to today.
Established and operated successfully in one way or another until modern culture. It’s a system we think about. Göbekli Tepe also appears as a structure that highlights male dominance. Especially when we look at the pictures drawn on the stones, we see that, with a few exceptions, there are erect and aggressive figures.
We see male animals and human figures. It’s obvious that this is a meeting place for men. The most common animal motif in Göbeklitepe is the snake. More than 30% of the animals on the obelisks are snake drawings. Living everywhere from North Africa to the Eastern Mediterranean, we know as the Big Viper.
Macrovipera lebetinus species poisonous snake, apparently while hunting, resting and eating. Göbekli Tepe because they are constantly encountered while eating and sometimes they are stung and poisoned. It had a great impact on people. It is extinct in this region and is currently protected by the Washington Convention. A type below.
This snake was found on the stones of Göbekli Tepe either alone or in trio with other animals. They are depicted in groups of four, five or twelve. Some stones are also known to have double heads. We mostly see snake figures on the small surfaces on the sides of the obelisks.
Since scientists did not find snake bones among animal remains, It pushes aside the theories that these people were fed by the giant viper. This snake motif, depicted in similar ways, is often seen in “Near Eastern Prehistoric Art”. We can see it in many places.
For example, this stone plate dating back to 9200 BC was discovered in Jerf el Ahmar, Syria. Although the drawing of the snakes on it is simpler, it is clearly understandable. Canan Domurcaklı’s book “The Good and the Good in Depictions of Göbekli Tepe” published in 2021
According to the article “An Animal Beyond Evil: The Snake”, Nevali Çori dates back to 8500 BC. There is a snake image on a human head made of dated stone. Snake motifs can also be found on the obelisks in Karahan Tepe.
Even inside one of the round structures carved into the main rock in Karahantepe, There are pictures of snakes and foxes on the side of a seating area parallel to the wall. Fox motifs are among the animals we see most in the Göbekli Tepe culture.
It is thought that the fox symbolized cunning in those times. Similar snake motifs are found at Tell Quaramel in northern Syria. There are also snake drawings in the descriptions of Körtik Tepe. In Göbekli Tepe, snake drawings are mostly seen on Obelisks 1, 5, 30, 33, 56 and stone plaques. possible to see.
In general, the curling movements of all of them are depicted in a very “neat” way. Why do four of the five snakes in structure A move downwards, while one It’s hard to tell if it’s going up. We cannot explain it, but those who do it must have an idea or a purpose.
Since we think that these pictures have a mythological meaning is considered. Even though we don’t know it, there are definitely different meanings and stories in the drawings of every snake and animal. There was. For example, once together with animals such as snake, wild ass, spider or leopard.
We see that he comes together twice with the crane and the bull. The repetition of this scene may also mean that the story continues. In fact, surface research shows that Göbekli Tepe is an archaeological site. Thanks to this, it has been known since the 1960s.
In the light of current data, Göbekli Tepe was used between 9500 and 7700 BC. It is estimated.. The idea that this area was a mysterious sacred temple was first suggested by Klaus Schmidt himself. announced through his articles and books.
Therefore, although no conclusion has been reached yet, using Klaus Schmidt as a reference, Göbekli They got angry at people who referred to the Hill as a “mysterious sacred temple” and said they were distorting history. I think it’s a bit unfair to say that.
Klaus Schmidt called this place “Cathedral on the Hill” and the hunter gatherers of this place He suggested that it could be a place of pilgrimage. But this is a fact; Even if this is a temple, it is not like we think of it in our modern life.
It was not a place of worship. Because today, the feeling of peace and wisdom when entering any place of worship is It is not possible to feel emotions here. On the contrary, a drawing of aggressive male animals erecting their penises and showing their teeth,
It indicates that unpleasant events await the visitors who come there. In some walls, this aggression increases so much that a planned attack is made left and right. takes the form of an attack. Göbekli Tepe is one of the places where the human species has fought for survival and reproduction for 2 million years.
It is an indication of a great victory. Even though cultures and people change, the biological characteristics of some powerful animals remain It hasn’t changed its effect on people at all. Obsidian, game bones and beer in stone vessels found in Göbekli Tepe
Or oxalate acid, which indicates that kashkek is made, is a substance coming from the environment of this region. It is a place where people exchange, worship and feast together. It leads to the conclusion that they used it as a center.
In this region, there are few finds similar to the lifestyle of settled Neolithic societies. It is concluded that hunter-gatherers came and used this place in certain periods. giving birth. Here, young children go through certain rituals and tests and become adult men.
There is also the possibility that it is a training center used for its purpose. If this place is what we remember from 300 Spartans, it might even be a men’s training center. It may seem ridiculous when you first hear it, but I also partially agree with these thoughts. I’m on the minority side.
In fact, although there is no evidence of this yet, it is believed that young boys were visiting these temples. He may have been locked inside with wild animals and asked to hunt them. I even think.
Maybe they didn’t put a wild animal, they just set a goal and asked the kids to do it. was wanted. A man wanders among these wild animal figures and human skulls with a torch in his hand. I think it would still be scary enough for a boy.
You may not take it too seriously. Mine is just an opinion. T-shaped obelisks, found drawings and sculptures; young men with erection They managed to keep their penis erect despite wild animals and intense stress, and This may reflect the symbolization of physical strength.
In this statue, found in Greece and dating back to 4500 BC, there is a male human; with one hand He holds his penis, holds his head with his other hand and leans forward in a contemplative manner. looking. Maybe he’s dreaming of something in his head.
Statues and rock paintings similar to these are found all over the world, independent of each other. filled with. They all focus on masculinity, power and the penis. For example, these images are found in Saymalı Tash in Kyrgyzstan. Most of these drawings show men having fun at festivals, with their penises clearly drawn.
Oriented towards rituals of humans, animals and mating of humans. is considered. We don’t know what the rituals are about. But we know that similar paintings and festivities exist in Scandinavian rock paintings. In particular, these rock paintings found in Tanum, Sweden, resemble Central Asian drawings. There are also more advanced and differentiated details.
Although the wolves or dogs next to them are similar, male people’s penises clearly drawn to show. They had extra axes and shields and also depicted their first ship. We see. Similarly, festivals and human matings are also depicted. To avoid further distraction, these are Central Asian and Scandinavian examples.
Just a few because there are hundreds of such examples. Maybe I’ll make a separate documentary about them some other time. But these are power and the integration of power with the penis in the history of human evolution.
In order to show that it has come to the present day from a deep-rooted process that continues throughout the are also valuable examples. We know that the desire to show off their power is also present in men of other animals. We, as men, experience this intensely even today.
If we take into consideration; there is a biological compulsion to impress females obvious. The processing of wild male animals on obelisks, sometimes by relief and sometimes by engraving A notable feature throughout the Euphrates Basin. For example, it was found in Adıyaman in 1970 and was in storage until the discovery of Göbekli Tepe.
This church statue, made in the shape of a hidden penis and a human, is approximately 9500 years old. With its arms, hands, clothing-like structure and shape, it resembles the stones in Göbekli Tepe. It has a very similar design.
It also has some common features with the obelisk thought to be the totem pole in Göbekli Tepe. owner. A similar totem pole was found in Nevali Çori before Göbekli Tepe. When we say totem pole, the first thing that comes to our mind is the totem poles of the natives of America.
However, from the Okunev culture in Siberian Khakassia, dating back to 2000 BC, and Chuvashia. Totem poles from regions such as these also bear some similarities. In this case, the Göbekli Tepe culture may have gone to those regions long ago. can also be considered.
Icons and symbols embody subjects and meanings that we cannot express with our senses. It is based on turning it into an object or sign. Using symbols that distinguish us sharply from other living species It is our ability to understand.
Just as the texts and emojis tell a story and event today, the stories in Göbekli Tepe These animal pictures probably allow for the staging of one or more events. he knew. Differences in the motifs on the obelisks, the animals and details on some of them are different from others.
The fact that there are more or clearer images than the previous ones indicates that the people who drew these pictures were not the same masters. shows us. Probably all these designs were drawn by other masters at different times. Perhaps each master draws different conclusions from his own life experiences and beliefs.
He did this and tried to explain something to those who came to that region. There are a few important factors why hunter-gatherers choose this region; The hills in the Harran Plain were used to hunt and follow the game animals passing by.
The limestone needed for the construction of stone hills is available in the region. Its abundance is among the main reasons. The hills built in this region were close together and in the open air they were probably they could see each other.
However, examples such as Yeni Mahalle show that these centers are not only located on the hills but also in the plains. It shows us that it is also in the fields. In the Yeni Mahalle, near Balıklı Lake, where I enjoyed wandering, there is a Neolithic
It is a settlement dating back to the beginning of the period and real human dimensions are taken into account here. When it was taken, the oldest statue in the world, Urfa Man, was discovered. The Urfa Man, exhibited at the Şanlıurfa Archeology Museum, holds his penis with both hands.
And displays a masculine stance with a serious facial expression. Thanks to the obsidian placed in his eye sockets, he was probably able to tell people who approached him. The message intended to be given was becoming much more dominant. It’s clear that these stone men want fear and respect.
When I came face to face with the Man of Urfa for the first time, without even realizing it, I realized what he wanted. I remember showing him all the respect. I recommend that you visit Urfa Man one day and come face to face with him.
This limestone human male head found in Göbekli Tepe is also It bears similarities with the Urfa man in terms of features. You will also see other large and small male heads in the museum. Many of them have prominent eyebrows and eye sockets, and their lips are protruding forward.
And was probably made in a whistling position. When we look carefully at these human and animal figurines, we see that they were from Göbekli 10000 years ago. The struggle of our hunter-gatherer ancestors who built Tepe to survive. In addition, they try to understand nature in their spare time and use their imagination.
We can think that they carved their combined religious thoughts into rocks. In recent years, a male head figure whistling similar to these was found in Karahan. It was discovered on the Hill. Karahan Tepe is especially popular in terms of 3D realistic sculptures like this. quite remarkable.
The facial expression, ears, eyebrows, nose and teeth of this statue discovered in 2022 carefully carved. This male human head statue is approximately 2000 years older than the statues in Göbekli Tepe. It is thought to be older. This male figure found in Karahan Tepe has an older and slightly sad appearance. Designed with.
This erect male human found in Göbekli Tepe is one of the best detailed It is among the statues. Another example is the one discovered in Harbetsuvan Tepe, with arms on both sides. It is a male human statue with visible feet and penis.
The male figure found on Harbetsuvan Hill is a part of the sculpture tradition in Göbeklitepe. It is thought to be a sequel. Although it is not yet known why they do these, it is the people of a culture that dominates the region.
It is important for us to realize that it circulates among them. In this statue discovered in Karahan Tepe, I see a leopard attacking a human from behind. I see. Scientists interpreted this as “A man carrying a leopard on his back.”
However, aggressive cats can attack their prey or people wandering around their area from behind. It is known that he tried to overthrow him by attacking him. When we approach the leopard, we see that it has a wild and aggressive attitude. We can understand that their body structures are scared and panicked.
Another example was found in Sayburç Tepe, a contemporary of Göbekli Tepe in Şanlıurfa, in 2021. He emerged with a scene of five figures consisting of humans, leopards and bulls. In this structure, a young male holding his erect penis despite the attack of two aggressive male leopards. There is a person.
When we approach this young man’s face, we see his confident, self-confident, masculine energy. We see that it is especially reflected. After this visual, we would like to show a few examples that remind us of similar culture in Anatolia.
Two leopards standing opposite each other found in a house in Çatal Höyük dating back to 6000 BC relief, female human figure sitting in the middle of two leopards and perhaps a forced figure. There will be an approach, but the pictures of the lion and the deer on Hacı Bektaş Veli’s lap.
But the culture may have undergone 10,000 years of change before arriving here. and the leopard species Panthera pardus tulliana, also known as the Anatolian Leopard. It should also be remembered that they may have become extinct by this time.
In other words, the type of animals and the meaning intended to be expressed change, but the basic composition seems to be the same. remains the same. When we go to the left side of the image on Sayburç Tepe, we see another bull attack.
We see that there is a male person in front of him, mockingly holding a snake in one hand. Lines in the form of a triangular necklace or collar on the neck of the male human figure in the middle, it is present on many of the Neolithic human figures in the region.
Some scientists say that this place is a kind of mating and consecration to mother nature. He also thinks that it is a region. Scientists such as Karl W. Luckert say that this place is about the animals they hunt for food.
And they tried to come to terms with the gods, to relieve their feelings of guilt, various He interprets it as a place where they make presentations. Throughout history, the duty of male groups in all cultures was to hunt and fight in situations such as hunting and war.
Is to keep the stress away from family and tribe. Those who could not adequately feed their families and tribes as hunting animals began to decrease Men come here when the animals they hunt are in heat and kill them and themselves.
The fact that they tried to encourage more breeding is due to the fact that the studies carried out in this region between ideas. Stillbirths are very high, the need for men in crowded populations Considering that it has now increased much more for war and hunting,
They may indeed have come here to fertilize mother nature through various rituals. Thomas Zimmermann said that the top of Göbekli Tepe is now covered due to some stone structures found. It says it is closed, not open.
Judging by the structures, some of these buildings were entered from the side, while others were entered from the top. Karl Luckert examines the social behavior and rituals of today’s hunter-gatherer tribes. By looking at it, he suggests that these entrances may be entrances to the vagina of mother earth.
Perhaps this and other hills supported the population of the surrounding men in their clans and their hunting grounds. They come and organize fertilization ceremonies to increase the number of their animals. He would eat. Performing such ceremonies is something that a few men who believe in it persistently and regularly do.
Exhibit the same behavior and, more interestingly, at the end of these rituals, even by chance It only takes a few tries to achieve the desired result. Emile Durkheim believed that rituals are necessary for the individual to live smoothly in the community.
That it is necessary for society to come together and share all kinds of pain, happiness and joy. It states that being one of the most important components for a healthy society. These events occur after a while for people who collectively believe in the same rituals.
It carries “mysterious, magical and sacred” meanings called driving force. While we have come this far, how are these ritualized beliefs sacred for people? I would like to give two good examples of how it is a source of motivation; Until 2021, those who do not have children in the Aizanoi Ancient City in Kütahya
The stone on which he made vows and prayed as ‘Yaren Dede’ is the corner column of the ancient agora. It turned out that it was. What is even more interesting, we experienced in 2022. Eating the doors of Hagia Sophia because they are sacred is a mass act of believing in something.
Behavior completely eliminates logic and thinking and turns it into a ritual It is also a good example. In Göbekli Tepe, there is only one female human drawing that fits the definition of Mother Nature. This does not belong to Göbekli Tepe, but was placed there long after the construction.
There are also scientists who claim that In this tablet, it is thought that the female person resembling a snake head gave birth to a cub. A similar drawing was also depicted in an Aboriginal cave, although it has no connection to it.
This is remarkable in terms of the similar functioning of the human mind. Female people who have no children even after 10,000 years from a wishing tree found in the region Its use by humans for breeding rituals is a long-lasting cultural memory. It proves that it can continue to be transferred despite the years.
The history of all religions progresses around two issues “birth and death” Happiness, memories, memories, sorrows, ceremonies and beliefs belong to these two. progresses accordingly. The effects of these two events beyond our control were intense in Göbekli Tepe. It is felt. You can be religious without believing in any gods, goddesses or supernatural beings.
If you examine carefully, today’s secular atheists or spiritual beliefs You may find that some people who have it are religious to the point of being bigoted. While one feels the divine power by looking at a stone, the other one looks into the infinite depths of space. he can feel it.
More primitive societies that live in harmony with nature worship wild animals and people who move away from nature and live in the city but have not yet reached civilization, while considering it sacred In societies where town culture prevails, this is replaced by pets. you can see.
Even if we were to look at the people at Göbekli Tepe in this way, they were no different from us. If we keep our technology and information resources separate, we can benefit from them in many senses. I don’t think we are superior.
People living in prehistory have been interacting with nature, the sky and animals for thousands of years. sometimes to educate and warn the next generations, sometimes perhaps He was painting on the walls just for fun. The endless sky they can watch shapes every moment of their lives.
It was one of the topics they were most interested in. Nowadays, archaeoastronomy is the study of the movements in the sky and the evidence of these ancient people. researching how it affects their lives and cultures, especially archeology
It is a system that draws on many different fields such as astronomy, anthropology, cartography and mythology. It is a branch of science. Many local and foreign articles, books and scientists argue that the hunter-gatherers in Göbekli Tepe He claims that they are interested in the sky.
For example, “Göbekli Tepe Shamans and the Cosmic Symbols They Produced” published in 2015 According to the article, BG from around the world Sidharth, G. Magli, A. De Lorenzis, Joe Plegge, Andrew Collins and Free Peace from Turkey According to some scientists such as Etli, Göbekli Tepe is a place used to observe celestial objects.
It was an observatory. Edinburgh, published in the journal “Mediterranean Archeology and Archaeometry” in 2017 According to an article by two researchers from the University, the structures of Göbekli Tepe They were actually observatories used to study the sky and some of the reliefs It is claimed to depict a cosmic event with devastating consequences.
But Jens Notroff of the Göbekli Tepe team has never seen any celestial object. There is no convincing evidence that these studies have been observed all are controversial issues and therefore would definitely warrant further research. states that it should be done.
Thomas Zimmermann said that because the top of Göbekli Tepe was covered and the inside was pitch black, This place cannot be used in any way to watch the sky and stars. states. According to astronomer Özgür Barış Etli, Göbekli Tepe is only visited by shamans on special occasions.
It is not only a place where they perform some rituals, but also a place where they become shamans. It is a place where various astronomical and mythological information is conveyed to those who are educated on the path of It was a center of spiritual development.
Etli also draws on motifs from Göbekli Tepe culture and Anatolian and Pre-Turkish culture. He also carries out studies that draw attention to their similarities. For comprehensive and detailed information, you can read his books and articles in the description section. Umut Barış Etli, Göbekli Tepe, a bridge between Anatolia and Pre-Turkish culture
He’s not the only scientist who thinks it is. Even Klaus Schmidt and Joris Peters wrote about Göbekli Tepe and It was previously thought to be only in Central Asia, but today it is found in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. He referred to the possible connection between the Balbal Culture found in
He tried to carry it out. Feridun AGASIOĞLU, Elena OKLADNİKOVA, Osman Karatay, Erich FEIGL, Kazım MİRŞAN, Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM, Semih Güneri, Haluk TARCAN, Ahmet KOÇAK, Aygun KOSEVEYA, Murat Öztürk, Ekaterine Scientists like Lipnina also examine the differences between Göbekli Tepe, Anatolian and Pre-Turkish cultures. He mentions that there may be some bridges.
For example, at the “Pre-Turkish Congress Bringing Culture to the World” held in Istanbul in 2022 scientists in the presentation of the Siberia-Göbekli Tepe hypothesis that they have developed in recent years Hunter gatherers living in Siberia 30,000 years ago spread throughout Asia, the East and
One of the migrations to Northern Europe reached the Zagros mountains and these people They shared that they might have brought their culture here. According to this study, supported by archaeological and genetic research, It is thought that a technology migration or tool transfer reached the Göbekli Tepe region.
Although it causes misunderstandings in the media, scientists believe these people are the ones we know. It would not be correct to say Turks in the sense of meaning, but it would be better to say “Tribes with Common Ancestors” instead. He adds that it makes sense.
In ArkeoNews’ news, Central Asian archaeological research expert Semih Güneri is in Göbeklitepe. He reported that traces of stone tool technology used in Siberia were found. According to the article published in Science Direct in 2014, Elena Okladnikova, Altay
Kalbaktaş, one of the rock painting areas of the Turks, with its animal depictions, is located in Göbekli. There are various similarities between the hill animal reliefs and that this is true for both cultures. He stated that it could be a cultural bridge built between
Here, Klaus Schmidt likens Göbekli Tepe and Central Asian Balbal totem culture. I want to get back to being a little bit. When Klaus Schmidt saw these obelisks, he rightly compared them to the stance of honeys. likened it. Because a vessel holding position, which is an indispensable element of Göktürk stelae, is from Göbekli.
It was also on the obelisks on the Hill. Especially Khakassian totem examples and male human statues also show many similarities. carrying. Speaking of which, news sites claim that the statue you see on the right has been missing for years. It was written that it was. I think unfortunately it hasn’t been found yet.
But while explaining these, I must emphasize again that there is a history of at least 8000 years. Most of the comparisons we make are thousands of years apart. And if this culture came from Siberia, and along the route it came from, Gobekli
That we should find similar temples or obelisks much older than the Tepe. I am thinking. With the discovery of Balbal-like specimens on the borders of Türkiye, these discussions started again. has become much more active. Some of them describe the Göbekli Tepe obelisk culture, some the Göktürk stell culture, some
It was made to reflect both. The first examples of this were discovered by chance in the garden of a school in Hakkari city center in 1998. discovered. These statues, which are exhibited in the Van museum and are the first naked warrior stelae found in Anatolia,
It continues to maintain its mystery since the day it was found. Hakkari Steles are the first naked warrior stelae found in Anatolia. It is thought that 11 of the 13 steles belong to male people and 2 of them belong to female people. We see an interesting difference here.
Because the penises of the men in these steles are covered with underpants called suspansuvar. illustrated. The men on these stelae, dated to 2000 BC, carry axes, spears and maces. They have weapons like these, a belt around their waist, and always a dagger.
There are also steppe type tents on stelae, leopard hunting and wild goat attacking animals. Pictures of other wild animals such as leopards were also drawn. These steles, which are thought to be a part of the Eurasian steppe culture, are from the Eastern His presence in Anatolia created great excitement.
However, similar stelae are found in Ukraine, Southern Russia and Scandinavian peoples. Gravestone of the deceased person in a wide geographical area by many different ethnic communities It is known that it was used as a capstone covering the grave pit.
However, the stones depicted in this type had a privileged, special meaning among the Proto-Turks. It is also understood that it is. Stelae carved with similar techniques Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Altai, Siberia, Tuva It was also found in regions such as the region and Mongolia.
According to Chinese sources, the human-shaped stones related to the Göktürks were It is thought that it was erected around his grave to symbolize the enemies he killed. Some sources also claim that it represents those who attended his funeral. For example, these stones in the Skåne region in southern Sweden represent family graves.
They are thought to be obelisks. For owners of archaeological artifacts where there is no writing or sufficient evidence, ethnic origin We should not forget that it is very difficult to talk about it. This actually applies to all the topics I mentioned throughout the video.
It may not be right to speak too assertively with too little data and documents. What many societies have done for thousands of years, especially in geographies close to each other, It should also be remembered that they share the same culture through trade or assimilation.
However, according to written sources, the excavation director of the period, Veli Sevin, discovered these stelae in one place. 2250 BC near Lake Urmia and the Zagros Mountains. He also states that the warrior, dating back to 2000, may belong to the Turukku Kingdom.
When we look at the faces on these steles, we see that their mouths are closed or whistling like in Göbekli Tepe. Their faces are slightly chubby and they have a hat on their long heads. It looks like they’re wearing it.
His hands, muscles and fingers are clearly drawn, and he also has a drink in his hands. They can also be seen holding the container. Some of the lizard-like figures are found in Göbekli Tepe, which is 8000 years old. It is depicted very similar to obelisks.
Sevin also expresses the possibility that these stelae were erected in a sacred area. However, since there are no god-like signs on the statues, there are more signs in tents than gods. He adds that it depicts nomadic shepherd warriors who live and enjoy the moon.
The new obelisks or stelae that will emerge from the region represent these cultures and the people living at that time. It will help us understand more. Some of the obelisks and stelae that we will see, such as Göbekli Tepe and its continuation for thousands of years.
Its similarity really shows how widely this culture may have spread throughout Anatolia. Similar standing stone monuments, kurgan tombs, and stone statues called balbals were found from the Atlantic to the Pacific. in different forms almost everywhere in the Eurasian geography extending to the At least it exists.
However, there are human shaped objects carved into stones or thought to have similar purposes. totems, columns, statues and steles; Maya in Spain, England, Colombia, Mexico In Aztec and other cultures, Bolivia, Chile, Japan, India, China, It is also found in Africa and other countries of the world.
These structures have not acted completely independently of each other throughout the evolution of humans. For now, we think that it is the oldest such as Göbekli Tepe. culture reaching its peak at certain points; traveled the world through invasions, migrations and caravans
As he travels around, he may show us that he is influenced by the culture he is in. I say reaching the top; because the works we see in Göbekli Tepe are flawless. In order to reach a high level of art, he had to undergo thousands of years of unsuccessful and aesthetic failures.
Poor examples must also have done so. There was a development period of at least 10000 – 15000 years until I came to Göbekli Tepe. I think it’s necessary. In other words, the temples that will be older than Göbekli Tepe date back to between 15000 and 20000 BC. dating is also among the possibilities.
As we can say here how deep-rooted cultural memory is, human No matter where your mind goes in the world, you think, believe and want similar things. We can also understand. When we ask children from different parts of the world to draw a picture of a person, the average
A culture underlying the human mind, just as one would draw a stick figure I’m talking about transmission. If you are aware, most of the countries I have given as examples up to this point date back to the years after Christ. It is dated. And especially the works of nomadic or more primitive societies.
However, the civilizations in Anatolia and Mesopotamia are 4000 years older than the examples I just listed. before, and 5000 years after Göbekli Tepe, which we can call almost perfect. They had switched to technology and art to produce stone works.
Sumerians, Akkadians, Urians, who developed around the geography where the Göbekli Tepe culture was born, Assyrians, Hittites, Egyptians and of course Romans now created stele, statues and monuments. They were extremely specialized in making. In fact, they are now made not only of stone but also of many different materials such as bronze and gold.
They were making sculptures. However, some of the themes and beliefs we see in Göbekli Tepe and the obelisk culture changes in various ways, especially among the peasant people in Anatolia. We can see that he continues to live even if he passes. There are two different examples of this.
Firstly, various steles and stelae are found in various parts of Anatolia. The second one is in Çatal Höyük. Examples of obelisks, stele and tombs found in Turkey can be seen in several different ways. One of these is the tombstones designed in the shape of a ram.
According to the article published by Mustafa Aksoy in 2019, it is the first ram-sheep-headed animal in the world. The tombstones were found in Khakassia in 1772. However, ram depictions, which are in a much more primitive form, can be found on the rocks in Central Asia and in Turkey. We see it a lot.
No belief, religion or mythology known today has emerged from its origins. wandering around with its roots hidden in thousands of years of cultural genes, It has spread to different geographies and merged to reach today.
Ram depictions have been used for thousands of years in every region of Eurasia and especially where Turks have lived. The continuation of belief and stone culture as it is used as tombstones on the ground. We interpret it as .
Examples of this can be seen in the article published by Cengiz Alyılmaz and Semra Alyılmaz. Mongolia, Korea, China, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Israel, Van, Tunceli, Malatya, Ankara, Bitlis, Rize, Nevşehir, Iğdır, Van, Samsun, Bayburt, Diyarbakır, Muş, Bitlis, There are many examples of ram-headed graves in provinces such as Erzincan, Elazığ and Rize. possible to see.
More than 300 similar gravestones were discovered in 24 identified and known provinces. While we are on the subject, according to the news published in 2020, especially in Tunceli We see ram-headed obelisks broken. He reminded again that these historical monuments must be protected urgently. I want to be. These are the animal depictions, stamps,
His relationship with other animals, humans and God using symbols, They are good examples in the sense that they try to reflect their feelings and thoughts. Especially human-shaped tombstones are popular among both Turks and other nations. It is a tombstone structure that can be seen.
Here, as an example, is the obelisk used as a human-shaped tombstone found in Turkey. We will proceed with examples. Even though these were made thousands of years later, they have a place in the balbal or Göbekli Tepe culture.
Exhibiting similar forms shows that the culture circulating in the human mind has not been lost. another example. According to the article published in the International Journal of Historical Research in 2019, Eskişehir This statue, located in İnönü, is important in terms of pre-Turkish and Anatolian burial customs. It is also a precious obelisk.
There are various sources stating that this human-shaped obelisk found is definitely a balbal. Although there are doubts, due to the historical findings of the region, it is still associated with a pre-Turkish culture. It is thought that it may have been made.
The volcanic material of the stone statue indicates that it was made in the region where it was found, that is, another It shows that it was not brought from anywhere. Located in Uşak Ulubey, seen in the article published by Sedat Bayrakal in 2017 The tombstones are also quite striking.
In his article, Bayrakal talks about these obelisks as follows: “The headstone has a form and appearance that we have never seen in any cemetery before. Although at first glance it is immediately obvious that it has a fez type headgear, what really attracts attention is
The part starts from the lower part of the fez. Starting from the bottom end of the fez, there is a protrusion in the middle that may belong to a nose. The presence of the eye sockets and chin on both sides is perceived.
On the neck, according to some points of view, it will be considered as a collar, and according to others, it will be considered as a sign. There is an inverted “v” shaped engraving. The shoulders at the end of the neck are prominent.
The body is not curved but straight, giving the impression that it belongs to a human. “The section from the beginning of the shoulder to the middle of the body is slightly split.” Before the Turks became Muslims, they used to decorate their tombstones with animal or human-shaped statues.
And made it in the form of obelisks. And in fact, many of them were more proud of the number of enemies they killed or It was about those who attended the ceremony. These balbals, especially found in Central Asia, are mostly plain shaped and have facial and body parts. The lines were not detailed.
Examples of this are the balbals of Tuva, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Altai and Ukraine. That’s why anthropomorphic sculptures in Turkey have a deep-rooted common cultural heritage. It may not be wrong to say that it is under the influence of Various human-shaped sculptures and obelisk style examples are currently found in Ardahan, Iğdır,
Van, Erzurum, Adıyaman, Kars, Sivas, Malatya, Manisa, Tunceli, Elazığ, Artvin, Tokat, It was discovered in cities such as Eskişehir, Afyon, Aydın, Kırşehir, Erzincan, Denizli and Akşehir. While some of the sculptures found are directly human-shaped, some are more abstract. has the appearance. There were many examples of human-shaped abstract tombstones in the Ottoman Period.
We know. Similarly, in the cemeteries of ancient civilizations, there are many different human-shaped or monumental structures. There are obelisks in the shape of However, in order not to get too distracted from the topic, I will only focus on anthropomorphizing throughout this video. I try to focus on the employees.
According to an article published in Bilimdili in 2021, in Erzurum Şenkaya district Two young people found this obelisk while grazing their sheep. Osman Mert, who works at Atatürk University, discovered this work through his investigations. He stated that it was a tombstone belonging to the Kipchak Turks. This example is from Crimea.
These obelisks were found by the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2018. It is thought to belong to the Scythians. Bozkır Magazine’s 1st edition According to the article published in the issue of Zonguldak Öğberler village in 2016, shaped tombstones have been found.
Human-shaped tombstone dated 1968 in Başköy, Çayırlı district of Erzincan. It is thought to belong to a primary school teacher. Painted with human shapes and different designs in Erzincan Çayırlı, Konya and Erzurum Hınıs. other gravestones, Human-shaped sculptures in Adıyaman Besni and Araplar villages, Eskişehir Aşağı Çağlayan,
Drawings telling events and stories of various animals in Afyon Seyirci and Akşehir, Anatolia It shows that this tradition continued in different regions until recently. On these human-shaped tombstones in Kayseri Develi, there are signs on the face, eyes, mouth and neck. The V-shaped pattern was specifically tried to be emphasized.
It is possible to find similarly designed obelisks and tombstones in Kayseri. Human-shaped figures, mostly in a sitting position, found in Baku, Karabakh, Azerbaijan Tombstones are also very important and remarkable. This human-shaped statue, which was brought to the Aydin Museum in 1998, is also worth examining. It is among the obelisks.
The face of this statue is flattened, the nose and eyes are particularly prominent. designed. The eyes are described as almond-shaped, close to each other, and the nose is described as flat. When looked carefully, it is understood that the statue belongs to a bearded man.
According to Ülkem Yaz’s article, there are two human-shaped figures in the Yozgat Çalatlı village cemetery. The obelisk appears before us. A male statue made of local yellow stone, with death dates of 1939 and 1963. and two tombstones in the form of a female human were found.
Gendered with face and accessories shaped by embossing method These two tombstones were designed at their actual height, 185 and 160 cm tall. is considered. On the face of Hasan Bey’s obelisk, the lips are thin and wide, giving a happy expression. studied,
Muscles; They were combined with the carving technique and placed in the form of an arc, While the eyes are drawn as dots, the nose is in the middle of the face, proportional to the two eyes. Designed realistically, in a way that will come true.
What he heard from 80-year-old Muteber Eker, Hasan Baldemir’s nephew, from his elders According to the information he explained, this tombstone was made by his other brother-in-law, Memili Bey. made. Hasan Baldemir, who died in 1939 because it was difficult to buy a tombstone at that time.
It was made by Mr. Memili, who loved him very much, to remember him. Did these people, who are locals of the village, see this type of tombstone from somewhere? We do not know whether he designed it by thinking on his own.
A similar obelisk was erected for Sebahat Başkal Hanım, who died in 1963. Hasan Bey’s besibiryerde necklace is on the neck of this obelisk, which is 15 km away from his grave. It seems to be. From 68-year-old Melek Eker Hanım, the sister of Sabahat Hanım’s brother
According to the information received; Ms. Sabahat was a 40-day-old bride with gas leaking from the gas stove. died from poisoning. Since her daughter-in-law, Ms. Sabahat, loved gold very much, she wore it symbolically around her neck. Her necklace is depicted as a besibiryerde.
In these two examples with interesting tombstones, these obelisks were made by family members. They made it themselves for the dead people. These examples are found in the graves of Greek-speaking Christian and Muslim Turks in Cyprus. was found. The Cypriot who was the first to mention the existence of human-shaped tombstones in the region
Turkish researcher Tuncer Bagiskan. Bagiskan found similar tombstones in Balalan Village cemetery and Poli Rum cemetery. He mentions that there is also. Especially as examples of human-shaped obelisks, statues and figures are examined in detail, both It can be multiplied much more both in Türkiye and in the world.
Warrior statues made of walrus ivory exhibited in the British Museum date back to 10000’s. The art and culture of storytelling with obelisks and statues, which started 100 years ago, It is one of the best examples of its spread over a wide geography.
Such steles, statues and figures were probably found in Eurasia, Anatolia and Mesopotamia. It used to be much more. However, since religious beliefs symbolize idolatry, many of them are destroyed by destruction. caused. The best example of this is Firudin Ağasıoğlu, who ruled in Georgia in 480 AD.
Vaçakan III banned sacrificing and worshiping stones that were seen as idols. is known. Such prohibition traditions continued as Christian, Muslim, and Jewish societies expanded. increased even more, and all statues reminiscent of the old pagan faith were destroyed.
Instead, it is a plain text with only the name, date of birth and death written as today. Tombstones remained. But still, I went to the Moscow cemetery to see Dostoyevsky’s cemetery. as well as gravestones bearing human or other religious motifs in some cultures It is also possible to see.
As thousands of years of time and culture intervened, the underlying culture of the obelisks began to change. I think it may have broken off and changed shape through evolution. In particular, we refer to Göbekli Tepe as the oldest example of a T-shaped and human-shaped obelisk.
If we take; There are similar ones in Çanakkale, in the westernmost part of Turkey. We can say. Previously, the T-shaped obelisk culture had decreased in size towards the end of 9000 BC. It was thought that it shrank and ceased to exist after 7000 – 8000 BC.
However, it was discovered in Gökçeada Uğurlu-Zeytinlik Mound, dating back to 6000 BC. This T-shaped obelisk was a bit confusing. It will be interlocked in two pieces, reminiscent of the T-shaped obelisk at Göbekli Tepe. This stone, which was made in this way, was placed inside walls approximately 7 meters long. placed.
Similar stone structures similar to Göbekli Tepe, thought to be temples It was thought that it disappeared towards the west and was not present in the Marmara and Aegean regions. Located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, it has a functional and symbolic character.
The presence of similar obelisks in Gökçeada indicates that these monumental structures are located in the west. It is very important to prove that it is. The earliest findings of obelisk structures in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are It comes from Çay Önü, Gusir Höyük, Hasankeyf and Göbekli Tepe.
“Saltaşlı”, where the oldest obelisks of the settlement in Diyarbakır Çayönü are located. In the “Building”, there are two non-T-shaped obelisks placed in the middle of the space. third, in line with the wall protrusions that will keep the structure balanced.
The obelisk was erected at the northeast corner of the east wall of the building. In addition, the oldest female human figures unearthed from the stone hills were found in Diyarbakır Çayönü. We can see it in the examples coming out of the top. These are arranged in a kneeling or crouching position.
The “Skull Structure” located in Çayönü contains bones and skulls belonging to more than 450 people. Because it is thought to be stored for use in burial ceremonies and culture It is an interesting place. The burial styles seen here and the items left next to the dead,
It shows that there is a status difference between the people living in the region. Probably not everyone was buried here, but only respected people. Some skeletons were re-wrapped with clay materials and covered like skin, and the eyes Placing various shiny stones is an attempt to bring them back to life.
It is interpreted as . While Göbekli Tepe was being excavated, it was thought that human bones and human burials would be found. When Klaus Schmidt first discovered this place, death-related rituals were performed. He predicted it might happen. However, for a long time, human skeletons and graves could not be found in Göbeklitepe.
Therefore, scientists believe that there were no rituals related to death in Göbekli Tepe. He thought it might be. Thereupon, Klaus Schmidt also discovered that human bones could emerge from inside or behind walls. he was guessing. And the excavations that continued after his death proved him right.
In an article published in Science Advances in 2017, scientists stated that The hole announced that they found the skulls of 3 adult humans. Research has shown that this drilling process can be done so easily without removing the flesh on the skulls. It shows that it won’t happen.
In other words, the skin on the heads of these people was first peeled off and the flesh was stripped off. Then, holes were drilled on the top of the head with flint stones. In fact, the scratches on the skulls show that the scientists were right.
It shows that all the meat on the head was cleaned before the piercing process. Thanks to these human bones found, scientists have discovered information about the Neolithic skull cult. He states that they learned interesting information. According to the data, these people cleaned their skulls for a specific purpose. and pierced.
These skulls, which do not have any reliefs or drawings on them, were made with the help of a rope. It is thought that it was exhibited by tying and hanging it. By hanging their skulls in this way, the people of Göbekli Tepe perhaps commemorated their ancestors. They were displaying their enemies.
When I mentioned skull drilling, I thought of the skull found in Aksaray. It is thought to belong to a female human aged around 25, dated to 8500 BC. This skull was discovered in Aksaray Aşıklı Höyük in 1989. Scientists state that this skull was specially drilled using obsidian.
Some scientists believe that due to cell renewal on the skull, this human After the hole is formed, it lives for about 1 more week and that’s why it’s a kind of He suggests that he may have surgery.
I don’t agree with this comment very much, and I think this incident might be related to the skull cult. I am thinking. If we go back to Göbekli Tepe, the obelisks and statues in this region This also proves that there was a skull cult here.
The heads of some statues were deliberately broken or torn off, Some statues were made specifically to hold a skull. But the most striking one is a headless person and a skull on the obelisk in structure D. We see it in the motif of a vulture holding it.
Skull cult is a well-known phenomenon in the nearby geography and in the Neolithic period. cult. For example, a vulture-like bird on top of the totem pole in Nevali Çori has claws. The female is seen grabbing the human head. Some scientists believe that the symbolism underlying the human-bird relationship is
It is also associated with the spirit going on a journey or the shaman flying. The vulture depictions in Göbekli Tepe are similar to motifs found in other Anatolia and the Near East. It is known that there are parallels.
In addition to the vulture, some birds such as the crane, which is also notable in Çatalhöyük It is also present in the reliefs in Göbekli Tepe. in the large Neolithic settlement of Çatal Höyük, dating back to between 7500 and 5700 BC.
The walls of many buildings are decorated with large skeletal representations of vultures. Different shapes of vulture figures are abundant in Çatal Höyük. As in the Pre-Turkish beliefs, here too the dead are left to nature, And the birds would come and eat these people completely.
As these birds fly into the sky, the souls of the dead will rise with them. was thought. Corpses of Gyps fulvus, common in Turkey and known as griffon vulture What he ate is proven by the marks on the bones.
These images are based on drawings of vultures and headless people found in Çatal Höyük and Göbekli Tepe. shows the comparison. The difference between art in Çatal Höyük and Göbekli Tepe is a difference in terms of place of work. is showing.
While the motifs were engraved on the obelisks thought to be temples in Göbekli Tepe, Çatal We see it on the walls of the houses in the mound. For now, why do people paint so much inside their homes and create works of art? We don’t know if he left.
But the heads of some people who died in Çatal Höyük were separated from their bodies and turned red. After being covered with clay, it is placed next to the other skeleton in a certain order. We know it was placed.
The skeleton in the photo you see now is a skeleton whose head was covered with clay after death. human skull specimen. This is another headless human skeleton. There are other examples where we can compare Çatal Höyük and Göbekli Tepe together. was.
Especially bull drawings, horns and skeletons were found in Çatal Höyük and Göbekli. We see it on the Hill and even on some other hills. For example, the obelisks in Gusir Höyük are surrounded by ceremonial practices. Many animal horns and skulls of wild sheep are seen.
There are also human burials under the floors of these places. We also know a similar practice from Hasankeyf Höyük. A large amount of wild animal bones were found in Göbekli Tepe. All of the bones found belong to wild animals.
There are more than 42 species in total, including around 20 mammal, 20 bird and 2 fish species. Many different animal species have been identified. Hedgehog, wolf, fox, weasel, marten, badger, wild cat, leopard, wild boar, fallow deer, red deer, wild ass, aurochs, gazelles, wild sheep, wild goats,
Thracian ferret, Indian gerbil, short-tailed bandicoot, wild rabbit, desert mouse and thousands of bones from a wide variety of animal species, such as many different bird species. residue was found. The diets of the hunter-gatherer people in Göbekli Tepe consisted mostly of gazelles and wild animals. It is thought that the ox was involved.
There are also clear studies showing that species such as wild bison are hunted. For example, the wild ox bone in which a spear or arrowhead is stuck is one of these. someone. The animal statues found are generally expressed as aggressive animals with visible teeth. has been done.
Because they have a wild stance, some scientists believe they are used to protect the area. He thinks it was erected for the purpose.. Approximately 84 animal statues were unearthed from the region. One of the points that surprises scientists is that all of the statues and depictions are
There are animals that reflect the fauna in the region. So the artists who draw these animals are hybrid animals or monsters from their imagination. He didn’t draw it. They worked as realistically and in detail as possible. In recent years, Göbekli Tepe in Şanlıurfa and eleven other surrounding areas
Excavations have started in the Stone Hills, which consists of an archaeological area. This research, which is the largest archeology project ever carried out in Turkey, Göbekli Tepe, Karahan Tepe, Harbetsuvan Tepe, Gürcü Tepe, Kurt Tepe, Taşlı Tepe, Sefer It includes Tepe, Ayanlar Tepe, Çokburç Tepe, Sayburç Tepe, Çakmak Tepe and Yenimahalle.
What we know from Göbekli Tepe and which actually covers a wide geography This cultural process lasted uninterruptedly for an average of 2000 years. is foreseen. The fertile crescent, which includes Southeastern Anatolia, is not perceived as it is today. They are also the places where the first villages and agriculture began.
The culture here tells us that a lifestyle that lasted hundreds of thousands of years is now deeply rooted. He explains that he started to experience a change. For example, the archaeological artifacts found in Niğde Sırçalı Tepe in 2022 reveal the history of this region. It took me back 9300 years.
Sırçalı Tepe, located in the volcanic Cappadocia region, close to obsidian resources The obsidian processing area, which was first found during surface surveys in 2016, It was discovered with bone and ground stone tools. Just as the people who built Göbekli Tepe used limestone from nearby
People were building their own culture by using the resources closest to them. The obelisks found so far in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are “T”, inverted “L” It is thought to be of three different types: “I” shaped and “I” shaped. According to the available data, these obelisks appear to be distributed regionally.
For example, in Gusir Höyük, Çayönü, Hasankeyf Höyük and Boncuklu Tarla, it is in the “I” form. Obelisks have been found, but no obelisk in the “T” form has been seen yet. Especially, there are over 200 “T”s in Şanlıurfa Göbekli Tepe and 13 “T”s in Nevali Çori.
It is known that “T” and inverted “L” shaped obelisks are also seen on similar hills. In fact, if we look at the “T” shaped obelisks, most of them are flat and have no markings on them. There isn’t even a single detail. And these T-shaped obelisks were erected there once and remain until today
Not; Even its walls and locations have been changed from time to time. For example, structure C is made with two circles inside each other. There are two large T-shaped obelisks in the center of the circle. The best known examples in which some of the T-shaped obelisks were relocated between.
It is thought that these stones were made by digging and carving from the main rock. from Tel Aviv University, according to an article published in Cambridge Core in 2020. Avi Gopher designed three of the monumental circular structures of Göbekli Tepe as a single project.
He announced that it was planned and had a geometric architecture. This study shows that the people of that period formed the basis of everything done about Göbekli Tepe. It is also important evidence in terms of showing that it is purpose-based. In addition, labyrinth-shaped temple structures have been used throughout history in England, Italy,
It is also seen in different cultures such as Syria and India. The sacred repeats itself in an unlimited but complex way in the human mind. We can say that it has this feature. All these found cult or special structures are mostly located in special places of settlements. located in a specific selected area.
These were used for an average of 2000 years and Then, they were buried with homogeneous soil in a planned manner and covered and concealed. The work is quite remarkable. These monumental structures and obelisks represent the basic structures of the people living in the communities of the period.
It is a sociological and psychological reflection of his thoughts and beliefs. If we adopt the view that “T” shaped obelisks represent humans, symbolically, humans have control over nature and animals, perhaps with help from the gods. We can say that he is trying to establish dominance.
The animal motifs associated with the beliefs drawn on the obelisks are hunter-gatherer It is the most important symbolic element that forms the world views of human communities. is clearly visible. Especially, different animal species are in communication with each other and some motifs are Considering that it creates a lot of confusion; here
Oral story telling people’s stories about gods, animals, heroes, creation and death It can also be thought that he created myths and stories about him. The animal bones found here are mainly gazelle, wild cattle, fallow deer and wild animal bones. It includes game animals such as boar and wild animals.
Bone and plant remains indicate that the people who used this place were hunters and gatherers. shows clearly. In other words, these communities had not yet switched to agricultural activities. It is clear that this is not an area established for residential purposes.
The ancient people who built this place probably had feasts and spent time here, but They did not continue their lives. While examining these regions, all ideological, cultural, social and economic dynamics of the period are taken into account. I think it should be considered together.
In these stone hills, especially Göbekli Tepe, there are stones consisting only of large stone blocks. It should not be forgotten that there are no structures. There are many animal and human statues, stone plaques, arrow and spearheads, stone statues on these hills. There are also objects such as beads, grinding stones, figurines and totems.
Long-distance trade, organized labor, specialization in various fields, animal domestication and agriculture began to be tried, the first villages were established and This region, where monumental structures were built, was of course also transformed by the excavation of new areas. will be understood much better.
Who knows what else will be revealed about the Göbekli Tepe culture as a result of the excavations to be carried out? We will learn and what kind of statues we will encounter. Just like Göbekli Tepe, which was discovered in Diyarbakır Gre Filla Mound in 2022.
Such as structures thought to have been designed for similar rituals. However, the Anatolian and Mesopotamian civilizations that emerged at least 5000 years after Göbeklitepe religious beliefs, tomb and temple cult and Göbekli Tepe It should never be forgotten that there are remarkable similarities.
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