Hello friends welcome to political science and international relations in this video I’m going to help you understand and master the subject political science easily the key in mastering political science is to First Master political Theory if you master political Theory you can easily Master other areas like comparative politics and international
Relations in fact these three areas are the important ones within the overall subject political science political the Theory comparative politics and international relations many students tend to start the other way around they will start with international relations or comparative politics such an approach will make the studying of the subject very difficult
So you have to start with political Theory within political Theory there are six important key Concepts you have to master the six key Concepts first this will help you master political Theory which in turn will help you master the subject political science the six key concepts are Liberty also called freedom justice rights
Equality democracy and power a student of political science should know the basic meaning of this Concepts how these key concepts are associated with each other what are the philosophies and ideologies associated with this Concepts and the scholars important Scholars associated with these Concepts apart from this a student of political
Science should be able to analyze these six key Concepts from two Dimension one dimension is procedural and the other dimension is substantive so if you are able to correlate all these you will Master the subject political science I able to see many students struggling with the subject but if you understand the
Correlation between the key Concepts this will make the subject very interesting and easy okay friends now I will explain the relationship between these six key Concepts within political Theory I call this as the political grid the six key Concepts and the correlation the grid is nothing but political
Science I tell my students to master the grid if they Master the grid they will Master the subject political science questions in examination will largely be indirect and analytical questions may be centered around Scholars such as John rolls Plato Aristotle call Marks philosophy such as feminism communitarianism people’s democracy and
So so on if you master the grid you can write answers in a analytical Manner and in a comprehensive manner okay friends let’s study the grid first what is this grid called This Is the political science grid the grid is nothing but the subject Political Science Under The Grid you are going to
Associate the six key Concepts and we are going to interrelate them based on procedural and substantive I want all of you to note this down please draw the political science grid Liberty equality rights Justice democracy and power we are not going to study all these Concepts in detail
Now but you have to understand the meanings briefly you have to associate them interrelate them and establish the grid analyzing based on the two Dimensions substantive and procedure you have to bring in the scholars you have to bring in the ideologies and philosophies you have to look into these
Six key Concepts from Individual point of view and Society point of view okay friends I first want you to understand the meaning of the key con concept Liberty Liberty in general means a individual should be free of all restraints within the society this concept is called Liberty Liberty is also called
Freedom freedom is more of a philosophical term Liberty is more of a political and legal term so absence of restraints is called Liberty what is restraint if a person is controlled by another person if a person is not allowed to live asper or arish then it is said that
Certain restraints are being imposed on him or her but if you want to have Liberty there should not be any restraints in simple words you should be free this is called Liberty I hope you have noted down second concept is equality equality refers to the situation where we create social
Economic and Le legal conditions in which all individuals in a society will be able to live equally worthwhile and satisfying lives this is called equality equality does not necessarily mean absolute similarity between all individuals in a society it is a philosophy it tells that social economical and legal conditions
Should be established in which all human beings in a society can live a decent Life by decent life I mean a equally worthwhile and satisfying life this concept is called equality third concept is called Justice to summarize Liberty means absence of restraints you have to to be free equality social
Economic and legal conditions which enable you to live a worthwhile and satisfying Life coming to justice justice refers to fairness righteousness morality distinguishing between right and wrong this is called Justice being just right but Justice is not about morality alone it is not about just finding what
Is right and what is wrong it is not just about righteousness or fairness it is something even more Justice also refers to the distribution of rewards it is about giving people what they are due this is also Justice for example a hard worker his due is wage a successful Soldier his due
Is a promotion to a higher post similarly what is due for a murderer punishment is due for the murderer death sentence may be the due for the murder this concept is called Justice fourth is rights in the ancient period the concept of Rights was largely ly seen in the
Negative sense it was seen through privileges the king had privilege the ruling class had privilege the common people they were not considered equal to the ruling elect during the ancient period the rights were seen in the negative sense if you are not a slave if you are not beaten if you are
Not jailed if you are not treated Tre like an animal then this itself was seen as rights during the ancient period so ancient period concept of Rights was seen in the negative sense it was seen through Power and privilege but in the modern period rights as a concept is
Seen in the positive sense the modern period rights are seen as the entitlement to act or to be treated in a particular manner this is called rights you are a citizen of India you are entitled to move freely throughout India what is this this is the entitlement to
Act is it not entitlement to act you are entitled to follow any religion nothing but entitled men to act you are entitled to marry anyone of your choice entitlement to act you are entitled to follow any profession you are considered equal by the state regardless of your sex
Religion cast or grade this is entitlement to act similarly the entitlement to be treated is also seen as a right the Indian state has to treat everyone as equals this itself is a right it is a fundamental right right to equality so this is how you see rights in the modern
Period fifth concept is democracy the term democracy is a combination of two words katos and deos deos means many are the people Kos means power in simple words democracy means rule by the people a state governed by the will of the people is called a democratic State democracy was seen differently during
The ancient period Scholars like Aristotle and Plato did not consider democracy as a good form of government Aristotle considered democracy a mob rule Plato hated democracy because his Guru Socrates was killed by the Democrats in ancient Greece Athens according to Plato and Aristotle democracy is nothing but the
Rule of many people who may not have proper virtues without virtues if you allow many people to rule then the state will not be a ideal State this is the ancient conception of democracy democracy was seen in the negative sense during the ancient period but in the modern period democracy is
Seen through the positive sense like rights in the modern period democracy is seen as plural rule are the rulle by the many so many people are coming together and they are ruling the state by consent this is called democracy in the modern sense countries like India or democracy the last concept
Is power what is power power is seen as the ability strength or domination this is the general meaning of power but from a political science point of you we have to look at Power more intricately power refers to the ability of an individual or a group
To enforce their will on others if a person is able to achieve this or her interest even in the face of resistance by other individuals then he or she is said to possess power this is the view of Scholars regarding Power Max Weber held such a view according to Max
Weber the state itself is seen as an entity which which has a monopoly over power Robert doll this political scientist told that power is the ability of one person to force another person to do something which he will not normally do assume that you are the person there’s another
Person let’s say he is your enemy you are forcing your enemy to Bow before you to obey you in normal circumstance sensus another person will not bow down before another person is it not but if you have a ability to forcibly make him bow before you then you are said to possess power
So this concept is called power power is a very important Concept in political science and international relations so I have explained the basic meaning of the six key Concepts in political science I hope you have noted them down now we will draw the political science grid this is very important you
Have to listen carefully please keep in mind the six key Concepts all of them are dynamic in nature there is no agreed definition or meanings attributed to the six Concepts so they are essentially contested never forget if you are a student of political science this should be the starting
Point of your analysis six key Concepts they are Dynamic okay they are viewed from different periods of time differently they are viewed by different Scholars differently they are viewed by different philosophies differently different meanings are attached in different circumstances so they are seen as Dynamic Concepts and they are
Essentially contested this is how we are viewing the six key Concepts secondly the six key Concepts themselves are related to each other for example if you take the concept democracy you have to study how Powers Works within democracy how rights work within democracy how Justice Works within democracy and how Liberty and
Equality Works within the institution democracy if you take justice you will study how rights are seen within the concept of Justice you will study how equality is studied with and Justice similarly if you take equality you will find how Justice rights and power are studied and analyzed within equality so the six
Concepts are related to each other they’re associated with each other apart from this the six Concepts should be studied across two larger Dimensions one is procedural and the other is substantive please note it down procedural and substantive based on these two Dimensions we will now fit in the
Scholars and philosophies But first you have to understand the meaning of procedural and substantive this is the starting point of analyzing the RIS okay what is procedural procedural as the name implies is related to procedure rules law this is called procedural so procedural is more associated with formal right on the other hand
Substantive is more broad based compared to procedure substantive comes from the term substance substantive is related to morals it is related to values it is related to the result it is related to fairness let me explain a simple example assume that a running race is being conducted by a
School 10 children are going to take part in the running competition running race but only five children are physically normal and strong the rest five are physically weak they are not normal they are malnourished if you go by procedural then it is accepted it is just
To ask all the 10 students to start from the same line why you go by procedure you go by rule you go by law I’m asking all 10 students to bend down and I’m asking them to start running the moment once the whistle blows they have to cross the same distance this is
Procedural a scholar supporting procedural aspect will say that the running race has been conducted properly on the other hand a scholar who follows the substantive tradition or the substantive school of thought will call such a running race as inappropriate he will not accept that running race is as
Moral because only five children are strong they are normal they are nourished the rest of five are malnourished they cannot be considered as equals with the other five so you have to look into the moral what is a moral only five are equal the rest of I are not
Equal got it I have to take into account the result now the winners will come from the top five the restify malish may even fail to complete the race they may not even cross the finish line so procedural is about rule regulation and formality but substantive
Is about moral it is about fairness it is about the result so this is the basic difference between procedural and substantive you should understand the difference between the two Dimensions very clearly this will help you study the subject much stronger going forward right procedural is taking into account the moral
Worth and the personal worth of man okay each man is moral we have to respect each man is it not this is called moral worth similarly this is called personal worth personal worth is decided based on your attributes like intelligence physical strength your mind your virtues and so on Plato considered personal
Worth He took virtues into account so did Aristotle on the other hand substanti takes into account moral worth of mankind itself mankind as a whole is treated a moral entity you got it for example a scholar following the procedural Dimension or the procedural school of thought will tell that
A better talented man can earn as much money as he can without any limit because he is taking into account the moral worth of the individual only he respects the individual he is also respecting the other indidual but he may go by the personal worth a talented man is considered more worthy
So all IND individuals are respected equally but at the same time the worth is also taken into account now the scholar following the procedural school of thought will respect all as human beings but he will tell that the rich man can become richer and richer based
On his talent he will also respect a poor man but he will justify that the poor man will remain poor because he is lacking Talent so this is the difference all individuals considered equal but it is considered based on the work of the individual able to form coming to substantive substantive takes into
Account the moral worth of mankind itself the entire human Community is taken into account as such a scholar following this tradition will not accept the argument of the first scholar he will tell that it is morally wrong to allow the rich to become more richer and allow the poor to remain poor
Because it takes into account the mankind as a unit so this is the difference so please understand that procedural takes into account individual but substantive takes into account Society okay take the neat Examination for example take the IAS examination the procedural school of thought will tell that the IAS examination or the neat
Examination is just it is good it is okay who will get selected in the IAS examination or the neat examination individual who is having more Talent better intelligence and better skill compared to the other here the individual is taken into account moral worth is accepted all IAS asir all
NE aspirants are accepted as equals or accepted as equal human beings but the worth is taken into account based on the talent skill ability intelligence and the examination will be accepted as a just examination the result will not be taken into account th000 students May write
The neat exam only 10 may pass the rest will fail but yet the procedural tradition will uphold the neat examination or the I Examination it is not worried about the result but the substantive tradition will take into account the moral worth of mankind it will take morals into account it will
Take the result into account if thousand students read I Examination only 10 may get selected rest 990 may not get selected but the substantive tradition will ask us to take the society into account many within the 990 who fail to get selected in the I Examination they may be from a
Backward socioeconomic background their parents may be poor as a result they may be poor they may not be able to obtain education on par with richer individuals as a result they may not be able to obtain the required skills knowledge and ability to clear the IAS examination so Scholars following the substantive
Tradition will not accept they won’t accept neat examination or the I Examination as a justice system because they consider the society into account Society is important for them the there are two Associated Concepts apart from what I explained so far procedural you have a concept called equality of
Opportunity in substantive you have a concept called equality of outcome here opportunity is taken into account here outcome of the result is taken into account here equal opportunity is given for everyone to become unequal based on your talent skill knowledge and ability you can become unequal you can
Become rich compared to the other you can get more power compared to the other you can get some privilege compared to the other yeah youngster having more knowledge ability and intelligence can clear the I exam and become IAS officer get more power get more privilege compared to ordinary man so this is
Upheld by equality of opportunity which follows the procedural tradition substantive follows the equality of outcome it want to result result is very important as already mentioned poor children may not be able to compete on par with richer students students from Elite background or from economically better background here the substantive
Scholar will go by the result according to him equality of opportunity alone is not important equality of outcome is important so you have to study the individuals as a part of society if certain IND individuals are backward then it is the duty of the state to empower them got it
Students we will now study the important philosophies associated with procedural as well as sub when you study Liberty from procedural perspective Liberty becomes negative Liberty when you study Liberty from substantive perspective it becomes positive Liberty according to NE negative Liberty the absence of restraints is the meaning a individual should not be
Controlled he can do whatever he wants this concept is called negative Liberty positive Liberty means the freedom given to individual should be properly used by by the individual for self-development you should use him use it to develop himself and also contribute to the Society this is called positive Liberty the philosophies associated with
Negative Liberty or conservatism and liberalism the philosophies associated with positive Liberty are socialism and Marxism apart from socialism and Marxism are the other philosophies are feminism and communitarianism you can also add multiculturalism please note it down procedural the two important ones are conservativism and liberalism conservatism associated with
Scholars like Plato right from ancient Greek philosophy PL to himself was seen as a conservative conservatives they don’t want to change the society radically they are called conservatives socialist and Marxist they want to change the society radically they want social control and ownership of the means of production liberals they argue for individual
Liberty as the name implies they argue for personal Liberty they want freedom they argue for rights they argue for private property when it comes to private property both conservatives and liberals support the concept of private property conservatives and liberals support equality of opportunity socialist Marxist feminist and other support equality of outcome
You have to associate accordingly we already studied that equality of opportunity associated with procedural equality of outcome associated with substantive so please associate accordingly the important scholars in conservative tradition played in fact PL considered as conservative as well as a progressive but many people consider him a conservative conservative
Support the status quo they don’t consider equality as desirable for example Plato considered the Greek citizens as Superior even Aristotle held such a view Aristotle told that men are superior compared to women as well as slaves so they went for justifying the inequality during the ancient Greek period the modern period
The important conservatives are Edmund Burke Edmund Burke and towi from France please note down the important ones so the philosophers as well as ideologies and philosophies apply for all the six Concepts I will explain in common then you have to apply it for all the six Concepts liberalism important Scholars are hops Thomas
Hops John Lock JJ Russo these are the important ones they also put forward the social contract theory and the natural rights Theory John La called the father of liberalism in the Indian context ambedkar can be considered a liberal amas is also a liberal Gandhi more towards conservatism
In some areas he is also a liberal but Gandhi is seen towards the conservative side socialism and Marxism important Scholars call Marks Engles apart from marks and angles there are many European scholars they mainly belong to the social democracy and Democratic socialism ideologies RH t t Harold lasi and CB
Mcferson these are the important ones feminism important Scholars Kate millet schulas Smith fir Stone before them the important scholar was Mary woolstone craftt during the French Revolution communitarianism important scholar is M Alis MRE alar M multiculturalism most important scholar is Will kimika Will kimika from Canada much celebrated scholar student of political science
Should definitely study will kimika in the Indian tradition the important scholar is biku Robert nosik he can be classified under liberalism Isaiah Berlin he can also be classified under liberalism I hope you have noted down the associate iation of the six key concepts with important ideologies as well as the associated
Scholar ideology is nothing but a set of ideas views values and opinions about reality this is called ideology Marxism socialism feminism liberalism conservatism are the important political ideologies apart from these there are many other ideologies also these ideologies and philosophers are common to all the six Concepts I have discussed Liberty I will
Now discuss the other F based on procedural and substantive you have to apply the same Scholars and the same ideologies I hope that you are now able to connect all these elements together and build a framework next is equality equality seen through procedural is called formal equality equality seen through substantive is
Called foundational equality formal equality seen through rules regulation law but foundational equality is seen through result it is seen through morals it takes into account entire mankind as the unit of analysis take the Indian Society if you apply the substantive school of thought then the Scholars will argue that India is yet to
Achieve foundational equality they will tell that the constitution of India provides only formal equality and not foundational equality next is justice justice seen through procedural is called procedural as such seen through substantive is called substantive rights seen through procedure is called legal rights rights seen through substantive is called moral
Rights here the rights are associated with law also rights seen through procedural is called Legal as I just told it is associated with the Positive law positive law is man man-made law but right seen through procedural is is called moral rights it is associated with natural law there is a difference between
Natural law and positive law natural law is nothing but certain Universal values present within human beings it does not need any Authority for enforcement for example around 10,000 years ago there was no formal Authority in the form of States human beings lived in the form of tribal societies but yet they cultivated
Certain values if a human being got injured others went to help one human being sacrificed for the other the human beings in the tribal Society used to go for hunting for wild animal tries to kill one member another member may even sacrifices life to save the member who
Is going to be killed what is this this is called natural law so natural law is inherent in the human Community this concept is called natural law positive law is nothing but madade law positive law is established in the modern period positive law itself is based on the
Foundation provided by natural law take the Indian state you can see positive law through the Indian constitution but the positive law Indian constitution itself is a reflection of the natural law the Indian people as a tradition as a history they have already developed some values like Brotherhood scientific temper equality
Fraternity and so on 2,000 years ago there were Republican Societies in India there was democracy prevailing in India so these values are reflecting in the positive law of the Indian state which is the Constitution so natural law substantive positive law procedure there is a popular saying telling which tells
That ethics cannot be enforced by law ethics is actually present here law is actually present here so if you have really invited Universal values like like love Brotherhood sacrifice equality and so on even in the absence of law you will still follow it okay so this is regarding rights
Democracy seen through procedural is called procedural democracy as such it is called substantive democracy on the other side but procedural democracy is associated with liberalism mainly that is why the institution itself is called liberal democracy substantive democracy is mainly associated with socialism here it is called people’s democracy China calls itself a
Democracy Indian people may laugh at the statement but there is a truth in all points of view so Chinese claim is based on their own perception of democracy Chinese Democracy is based on the concept of socialism liberal democracies like us UK Japan France and so on it is not based
On socialism in Liberal democracy there is only political equality but there is no economic equality that is why the liberal democracy is not accepted by the Socialist as a real democracy they will laugh at the liberal democracy Mao saw liberal democracy as a sham democracy fake democracy false
Democracy on the other hand people’s Dem decy or substantive democracy argues for political equality as well as economic equality got it according to Marxist and socialist there won’t be real equality if you don’t have economic equality there should be presence of both political equality and economic equality if you have to achieve real
Equality they will explain this through the economic system take a simple example of a poor man liberal democracy will tell that the poor man is given equality why they are happy if there is political equality but the Socialist will say that it is not real equality according to procedural democracy institution liberal democracy
The poor man is still he may not have money he may not have food but they will argue that he is equal to the king but King will live in Palace poor man will live in the street the poor man may have to die in hunger
In the street itself but this will not be taken into by procedural democracy but socialist will tell that economic equality is also important the poor man is not economically equal to the king poor man does not have food he will die if he just LED as such so so he should
Be economically empowered only then he will be politically empowered got it this is a difference between substantive democracy and procedural democracy as already mentioned these concepts are interrelated to each other if you take rights some people consider only a human being as a moral entity but some Scholars even consider
Embryo as a moral entity that is why they don’t accept abortion they don’t accept research in stem cells and embryos got it so we look at through both law as well as morality the LW concept is power I already explained the concept of power if you look at Power through procedural
It is called power over power over on the other hand power seen through substantive is called Power two in international relations power over is related with realism and power two is associated with idealism when it comes to power there is a intricate relationship with international relations the third important subdivision within political
Science so here it is realism here it is idealism we’ll first look into power over as the name implies power over mean the ability of one man over another man the domination of one man over another man okay so power over is seen through the negative sense it is seen through
Domination it is seen through haimon it is seen through control it is seen through Big Brother attitude it is seen through conflict it is seen through War feminist will not accept power over they consider power over as patriarchy men dominate women men exploit women they don’t accept the concept of power
War the important Scholars under power over tradition there are many ma himself come under power over tradition ma father of modern political science he is a realist he tells the ruler or the king to use power only with power the ruler can ensure the interest and the security of the
State okay so this is power apart from ma Manu in the Indian tradition and CIA in the Indian tradition they also support power over power over and power two cannot be strictly placed under procedural and substantive but you can associate them roughly under procedural and substantive
So power over is a negative concept it is seen through domination oppression control aim coming to power two power two is in the positive sense it it is related to idealism idealism International relation talks about cooperation between countries realism talks about power it talks about maximization of self-interest through
Power idolism tell that it is uh optimistic that the countries of the world can work with each other okay now what is power two I explained power over power two means people coming together collectively forming a group and they are using power in a constrictive manner for
Development this is called Power two got it this is power seen through the POS sense the important scholar in power two is Anna arant Ana AR the other scholars in power two are JJ Russo French philosopher Enlightenment scholar he spoke about the concept General will according to JJ
Ruso Power two is seen through the concept general b you can note Russo also JJ ruso an JJ ruso Gandhi they all come under power two even marks can be placed under power two according to KL marks all human beings will come together and cooperate with each other
In the society called communist Society this is nothing but Power two he sees capitalist society as power over in capitalist Society the owner of the means of production called bsha will dominate the worker or the laborer Gandhi’s concept of ram Raja or enlightened Anarchy is also power two
Gandhi like Marx is opposed to the concept of the state Gandhi will tell that there need not be state state is associated with violence let’s take the state away but if you take the straight away who will control the people Gandhi will tell that people themselves are capable of regulating themsel okay you
Give Liberty to the individuals people have to use Liberty properly they have to go for self-restraint and they have to develop thems empow thems and also contribute to the state this is how Gandhi’s philosophy is associated with power to similarly JJ will tell that people voluntarily surrender
Power to the state and as a result their Collective consent is seen in the form of a state he calls this concept as general will so Collective consent people coming together and Collective realization of power for constructive purposes for development is power two so we have discussed the relationship between the concepts under
The grid the grid is nothing but political science so if you are thorough with this grid you can easily Master the subject you can easily cross 260 marks in the upsc mains examination in the optional paper political science and international relations thank you
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